Sfi 191 

Copy j 



A Classification of the Cultivated 
Varieties of Barley 



A THESIS 

Presented to the Faculty op the Graduate School 

of Cornell University for the degree of 

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 



BY 

ROY GLEN WIGGANS 



Published by the N. Y. State College of Agriculture, September 1921, 

Memoir 46 



A Classification of the Cultivated 
Varieties of Barley 



A THESIS 

Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School 

of Cornell University for the degree of 

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 



BY 

ROY GLEN WIGGANS 

I! 



Published by the N. Y. State College of Agriculture, September 1921, 

A/Tpmfnv Af\ 



Memoir 46 



' 



1^7/ 






• CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Work of other investigators 369 

Classifications 369 

Number of species 380 

Summary 381 

Material used in the present classification 383 

Morphology of the barley plant 384 

Gross characters 384 

Foliage 384 

Culm characters 385 

Height of plant 385 

Length of last internode. .' 386 

Number of nodes 386 

Roots 386 

Habit of plant in early growth 387 

Emergence of awns and spikes 388 

Time of maturity 388 

Production 388 

Spike characters 388 

Fertility 389 

Branch-headed barleys 392 

Density . 393 

Length of internodes of rhachis 394 

Angle of inclination of kernel 397 

Attitude of spike 397 

Articulation of internodes of rhachis 398 

Spikelet characters 398 

The grain. 398 

Composition 399 

Size 399 

Shape 400 

Color 401 

The lemma, or flowering glume 403 

Adherence of lemma and palea to caryopsis 404 

Terminal appendage 405 

Number of nerves of lemma 407 

Barbing of lateral nerves of lemma 407 

Base of lemma 408 

The outer glumes 410 

The rhachilla 411 

Summary , 412 

365 



366 Contents 



Classification of barley forms ,413 

Hordeum spontaneum 415 

Hordeum vulgare 416 

Hordeum intermedium 430 1 

Hordeum distichon 433 1 

Hordeum deficiens 443 ! 

Summary 447 

Acknowledgments 448 i 

Bibliography 449 1 

Index to varieties and subvarieties 453 1 



A CLASSIFICATION OF THE CULTIVATED VARIETIES OF BARLEY 



A CLASSIFICATION OF THE CULTIVATED VARIETIES OF 

BARLEY 

Roy Glen Wiggans 

The need for systematic classifications of the various farm crops has 
been recognized in recent years, due to the large increase in the number 
of varieties and the confusion in the nomenclature. It is the purpose 
of this study to make a classification of barleys that will aid agronomists, 
seedsmen, and farmers to identify the different varieties in common 
cultivation and to clear up the misuses of nomenclature. 

Before a classification of any group of plants can be undertaken, it is 
necessary to have an accurate knowledge of the structure of the plants. 
For this reason, and because it is hoped that the descriptions may be 
of value to detailed studies in the future, the morphology of the barley 
plant is fully discussed in this paper. 

WORK OF OTHER INVESTIGATORS 
CLASSIFICATIONS 

The numerous and extensive researches on barley already available 
have been made largely in Europe, and deal more with the malting and 
brewing qualities of the barley grown and the processes of manufacturing 
than with systematic classification. This work, however, has not been 
entirely neglected. Classifications have been presented by various 
European and American investigators. On close examination, these 
classifications are found to differ widely in arrangement and in the weight 
given the various characters that have been used in distinguishing between 
the species and also between groups of lesser importance. For these 
reasons, and in order (1) to make available the classifications of European 
investigators and (2) to give weight to the characters employed in the 
present classification, considerable space is devoted in this paper to 
reviewing the various classifications that have previously been presented. 

The earliest classification of barleys of any importance was that of 
Linnaeus (1748) 1 . Five years later (1753) he elaborated on his first work, 

'Dates in parenthesis refer to Bibliography, page 449. 

369 



370 Roy Glen Wiggans 

recognizing four distinct species and two varieties of cultivated barleys, 
as given briefly in the following key: 

A. All spikelets fertile. 

B. Spikes dense Hordeum hexastichon L. 

BB. Spikes lax H. vulgare L. 

C. Kernels hulless H. vulgare var. coeleste L. 

AA. Median spikelet fertile. 

B. Spikes dense H. zeocriton L. 

BB. Spikes lax H. distichon L. 

C. Kernels hulless H. distichon var. nudum L. 

In making his classification Linnaeus recognized three important taxonomic 
characters — fertility, density, and adherence of lemma and palea to the 
caryopsis. These three characters have been given important considera- 
tion in practically every classification made since, and the species 
established by Linnaeus have been the foundation of all subsequent work. 
AH classifications previous to that of Linnaeus were necessarily based 
on very small collections, and as a consequence only two types of barley, 
the six-rowed and the two-rowed, were recognized. For this reason, 
nothing is to be gained by a review of the literature previous to 1753. 

No work was done on barleys for sixty-five years after the publication 
of Linnaeus' classification. Schiibler (1818) named seven species by 
employing the same characters as were used by Linnaeus. The only 
addition he made was the separation for the first time of the Linnaean 
species distichon into erectum and nutans. This separation was made on 
density, thus giving three species of two-rowed barleys, zeocriton, erectum, 
and nutans, based on the density of the spike. 

Following Schiibler, Seringe (1819) recognized four species, all of which 
had been named by Linnaeus. Later (1841-42) he made subdivisions of 
the four species but failed to add anything of value to previous work. 

Jessen (1855) presented a brief classification wherein he considered all 
cultivated varieties of barley as one species, namely, Hordeum sativum 
Jess. He was the first botanist to thus limit the number of species of 
cultivated barleys. 

Heuze (1872), working with a much larger collection of barleys than 
his predecessors used, was able to expand and enlarge on the classifications 
previously presented. His work doubtless stimulated later workers, 
especially Kornicke, who published Die Saatgerste (1882) and later elabor- 
ated on this work in the Handbuch des Getreidebaues (Kornicke, 1885). 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 371 

The classification of Kornicke, as presented in 1885, is given briefly in 
the following key. 2 He considered all cultivated varieties to belong to 
one species, Hordeum vulgar -e L., and established four primary groups 
within the one species, using fertility, terminal appendage, and number 
of rows or ranks as the chief characters. 

A. All spikelets fertile Hordeum polystichum Doll. 

B. All spikelets awned. 

C. Six-rowed barley, the spikes with six similar rows H. hexaslichum L. 

CC Four-rowed barley, the spikes with four dissimilar rows; two opposite rows 

formed by the overlapping of two spikelets H. tetrastichum Kcke. 

BB. Only the middle spikelets awned, middle barley H. intermedium Kcke. 

AA. Only the middle spikelets fertile. Two-rowed barley H'. distichum L. 

The varieties within the four subspecies which Kornicke established are 
as follows: 

1. Hordeum hexastichum L. 
A. Kernels hulled. 

B. Outer glumes normal, linear. 
C. Spike yellow. 

D. Grain short var. brachyatherum Kcke. 

DD. Grains long. 

E. Spike pyramidal var. pyramidatvm Kcke. 

EE. Spike with parallel sides var. parallelum Kcke. 

CC. Spike black. 

D. Spike short, somewhat pyramidal var. Schimperianum Kcke. 

DD. Spike long, with parallel sides var. gracilius Kcke. 

BB. Outer glumes all or in part broadly lanceolate. 

C. All outer glumes broadly lanceolate var. earylepis Kcke. 

CC. Only the outer glumes of the lateral spikelets broadly lanceolate. 

var. recens Kcke. 
AA. Kernels naked var. revelatum Kcke. 

2. Hordeum tetrastichum Kcke. 
A. Kernels hulled. 

B. Glumes normal. 
C. Spike yellow. 

D. Grain straight var. pallidum Ser. 

DD. Grain twisted var. Heuzei Kcke. 

CC. Spike gray -blue var. coerulescens Ser. 

CCC. Spike black. 

D. Grain rough var. nigrum Willd. 

DD. Grain smooth var. leiorrhijnchum Kcke. 

BB. Glumes monstrous. 

C. Grain long, strong var. tortile Robert. 

CC. Grain short, intermediate var. cucullatum Kcke. 

CCC. Grain weak var. Horsfordianum Wittm. 

2 The key is translated from the original German, but is rearranged in the standard form. 



372 R° Y Glen Wiggans 

AA. Kernels naked. . 
B. Glumes normal. 
C. Spike yellow. 

D. Spike long, narrow; kernel thin var. coeleste L. 

DD. Spike short; kernel thick. 

E. Kernel blue-gray var. himalayense Rittig. 

EE. Kernel yellowish blue, thinner var. Walpersii Kcke. 

CC. Spike gray-violet var. violaceum Kcke. 

BB. Glumes monstrous. 

C. Only on middle spikelet var. cornutum Schrader 

CC. On all spikelets. 

D. Awned var. pseudotrif arcatum Langsd. 

DD. Awnless var. trifurcatum Schl. 

3. Hordeum intermedium Kcke. 

'A. Spike thick, straight var. transiens Kcke. 

AA. Spike weak, nodding var. Haxtoni Kcke. 

4. Hordeum dislichum L. 

A. Rhachis at maturity remaining entire. 
B. Spike normal. 
C. Kernels hulled. 

D. Spike with parallel sides. 
E. Spike weak, narrow. 
F. Spike yellow. 

G. Grain rough var. nutans Schiibl. 

GG. Grain smooth var. medicum Kcke. 

FF. Spike blackish : var. nigrescens Kcke. 

FFF. Spike black. 

G. Grain rough var. nigricans Ser. 

GG. Grain smooth var. persicum Kcke. 

EE. Spike thick, short. 

F. Yellow var. ereclum Schiibl. 

FF. Black var. con'.ractum Kcke. 

DD. Spike becoming smaller at point. 

E. Yellow var. zeocrithum L. 

EE. Black var. melanocrithum Kcke. 

CC. Kernels naked var. nudum L. 

BB. Spike abnormal. 
C. Spike simple. 

D. Flowers of side spikelets normal. 

E. Outer glumes of middle spikelet normal var. heterolepis Kcke. 

EE. Outer glumes of middle spikelet short lanceolate var. Braunii Kcke. 

DD. Flowers of side spikelets entirely degenerated. 

E. Outer glumes of middle spikelet short lanceolate. 

F. Yellow var. abyssinicum Ser. 

FF. Black var. macrolepis A. Br. 

EE. Outer glumes of middle spikelet normal. 

F. Yellow var. deficiens Steud. 

FF. Brown var. Seringei Kcke. 

FFF. Black var. Steudelii Kcke. 

CC. Spike branched. 

D. Side spikelets normal var. compositum Kcke. 

DD. Side spikelets not normal var. ramosum Hochst. 

AA. Rhachis at maturity falling apart var. sponlaneum C. Koch 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 373 

Under the preceding classification Kornicke brought together and 
described in detail 103 sorts which varied widely in structure and also 
in adaptation. Some of the varieties given in the classification were 
not represented in his collection, while others were represented by 
many sorts or subvarieties. Since its publication the grouping given 
by this author has been considered the best one on the subject of barley 
varieties. In general the treatment given is very satisfactory and has 
been sufficient in most cases to establish varieties on a firm basis. The 
most apparent weakness in the scheme is in the treatment of the main 
groups, where a division of the six-rowed form is made on the arrangement 
of the rows of spikelets. The characters given the most weight by this 
author in the subdivisions are: adherence of the lemma and the palea 
to the caryopsis, shape of the outer glume, color of the grain, shape of 
the grain, shape of the spike, roughness or smoothness of the grain, and 
character of the rhachis. Two later papers by Kornicke (1895 and 1909, 
the latter published posthumously by his son, M. Kornicke) appeared, 
neither of which added anything of value to the previous paper; in fact, 
they lacked the clearness that was evident in the earlier publication. 

Voss (1885), in the same year as that in which the Handbuch des 
Getreidebaues appeared, also published a classification of barleys. Voss 
considered all cultivated varieties as one species, and followed Jessen 
(1855) in using Hordeum sativum as the species name. The subspecies, 
varieties, and subvarieties used by Voss are as follows : 3 

A. All flowers perfect and fertile subspecies polystichon Doll. 

1. Six-rowed barleys. var. hexastichon L. 

a. Spikes white subvar. album 

b. Spikes black subvar. nigrum 

2. Parallel barleys var. parallelum Kcke. 

a. Spikes white subvar. album 

b. Spikes black subvar. nigrum 

3. Unequal or odd-rowed barleys var. inaequale Voss 

a. Spikes white subvar. album 

b. Spikes black subvar. nigrum 

4. Hull -less barleys var. coeleste L. 

a. Erect barleys subvar. erectum Voss 

b. Lax barleys subvar. flaccidum Voss 

c. Hooded barleys subvar. trifurcatum S6r. 

AA. Only the middle flowers fertile, side flowers staminate; two-rowed barleys. 

subspecies distichon L. 

5. Peacock barleys var. zeocrithon L. 

a. Spikes white subvar. album 

b. Spikes black subvar. nigrum 



'■ Translated from the original German. 



374 Roy Glen Wiggans 

6. Erect barleys var. erectum Schiibler 

a. Spikes white subvar. album 

b. Spikes black subvar. nigrum 

7. Nodding two-rowed barleys var. nutans Schiibler 

a. Spikes white subvar. album 

b. Spikes black subvar. nigrum 

8. Naked two-rowed barleys var. nudum L. 

AAA. Only the middle flowers fertile, side flowers entirely lost or stunted ; deficient barleys. 

subspecies deficiens Steud. 

9. Dense deficient barleys • -var. densum Voss 

a. Spikes white subvar. album 

b. Spikes black subvar. nigrum 

10. Loose deficient barleys var. laxum Voss 

a. Spikes white subvar. album 

b. Spikes black subvar. nigrum 

11. Wide deficient barldys var. platyiepis Voss 

a. Spikes white subvar. album 

b. Spikes black subvar. nigrum 

12. Long deficient barleys var. macrolepis A. Br. 

a. Spikes white subvar. album 

b. Spikes black subvar. nigrum 

In the separation of his main groups Voss used only one character, that 
of fertility, of which he recognizes three degrees. This is a decided advance 
over the group separation given by Kornicke, although the treatment 
of varieties by Voss is much inferior to that of Kornicke. In making 
varietal differences, Voss uses the following characters: shape of spike, 
arrangement of rows of spikelets, and color. 

Atterberg, working from 1889 to 1899, published several papers on 
barley classification, but it was not until 1899 that he presented anything 
differing materially from the work of previous investigators. In 1899 
he published his Die Varietaten una Formen der Gerste, wherein he departed 
radically from the established systems. In designating 188 forms he 
used only 33 different terms. He followed Jessen in placing all cultivated 
varieties in one species, Hordeum sativum. His scheme is as follows: 4 

Subspecies (Unterarten) of Hordeum sativum 

A. Middle spikelets awned. 

B. Glumes small Hordeum sativum commune 

BB. Glumes large, about the length of the ripe grain, awns not considered. 

H. sat. macrolepis 
AA. Middle spikelets awnless or hooded. 

B. Middle spikelets hooded H. sat. furcatum 

BB. Middle spikelets awnless H. sat. inerme 



* Translated from the original German, but rearranged in the standard form for keys. 






A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 375 

Each subspecies was divided into the following groups (Abarten) : 

A. Glumes remaining attached to caryopsis at maturity. 

B. Grains light-colored album 

BB. Grains dark-colored nigrum 

AA. Glumes lost from caryopsis at maturity. 

B. Grains light-colored nudum 

BB. Grains dark-colored nigronudum 

Each group was then divided into the following varieties : 

A. All six spikelets fertile. 

B. Side spikelets awned polystichum 

BB. Side spikelets not awned; established by crossing six-rowed and two-rowed forms. 

muticum 
AA. Side spikelets infertile. 

B. Glumes small, short, linear distichum 

BB. Side spikelets rudimentary; outer glumes lacking or almost lacking; only small 
lemmas present deficiens 

The varieties of six-rowed barleys were each further divided into the 
following subvarieties : 

A. Average length of rhachis internode, 1.7-2.1 mm. Spike very dense hexastichum 

AA. Average length of rhachis internode, 2.1-2.8 mm. Spike average density . . .parallelum 
AAA. Average length of rhachis internode, 2.7-4.0 mm. Spike loosely formed vulgar e 

The varieties of two-rowed barleys were each further divided into the 

following subvarieties: 

A. Average length of internode, 1.7-2.1 mm. Spikes very thick zeocrithum 

AA. Average length of internode, 2.1-2.8 mm. Spikes usually standing upright . . . .erectum 
AAA. Average length of internode, 2.8-4.0 mm. Spikes loose, generally nodding at maturity. 

nutans 

In the formation of his four subspecies, Atterberg used both the terminal 
appendage and the character of the outer glumes. Further divisions 
were made on color, adherence of lemma to caryopsis, fertility, shape of 
outer glumes, length of internodes, and density of spike. To make lesser 
groups than those given above, he used the character of the base of the 
kernel, the basal bristle, rough and smooth awns, and color. 

This scheme of classification shows a familiarity with a wider range 
of types than does the work of any previous investigator. Atterberg 
could not have followed the systematic arrangement had he not possessed 
a collection in which the lesser factors constantly reappeared in important 
groups. The objection to the system is that confusion is bound to occur 
(1) in the division of the subspecies and (2) in the repetition of the same 
terms in all the subdivisions, even though there are only 33 terms used. 



376 Roy Glen Wiggans 

Atterberg considers the designation of 188 varieties by only 33 different 
terms as a decided improvement over previous classifications, but this 
seems to be a doubtful advantage. 

In connection with the work of Atterberg, the Swedish, or Svalof, 
system of classification should be considered. Atterberg himself in 1889 
laid (he foundation for this system of classification. His work was subse- 
quently improved upon by Neergaard (1889), but it remained for Bolin 
(1893) to perfect the system and put it into practice. The system which 
Bolin worked out at that time has been used in Sweden ever since for the 
identification of the important varieties. Briefly the system is as follows : 5 

A. Two-rowed barley ; all ke/nels broadest in the middle and symmetrical in contour. 
B. Dorsal side of base of kernel with a slight horseshoe-like excavation or depression. 

Hordeum dislichum nutans 
C. Rhachillae and lodicules long-haired. 

D. Lateral nerves without teeth Type I 

DD. Lateral nerves with teeth Type II 

CC. Rhachillae and lodicules short-haired, more or less woolly. 

D. Lateral nerves without teeth Type HI 

DD. Lateral nerves with teeth Type IV 

BB. Dorsal side of base of kernel not excavated but often pinched with a transverse- 
crease or furrow //. dislichum erectum 

C. Rhachillae and lodicules long-haired. 

D. Dorsal nerves without teeth Type V 

DD. Dorsal nerves with teeth Type VI 

CC. Rhachillae and lodicules short-haired, more or less woolly. 

D. Dorsal nerves without teeth Type VII 

DD. Dorsal nerves with teeth Type VIII 

AA. Six-rowed barley; all kernels from outer rows of head slightly twisted; kernels from 
middle rows symmetrical but broadest nearer the tip, the basal half being somewhat 

elongated H. tetrastichum pallidum 

B. Rhachillae and lodicules long-haired. 

C. Lateral nerves without teeth Type IX 

CC. Lateral nerves with teeth Type X 

BB. Rhachillae and lodicules short-haired, more or less woolly. 

C. Lateral nerves without teeth Type XI 

CC. Lateral nerves with teeth Type XII 

The great additions made by the investigations of these men were the 
discoveries of the stable characters of the rhachilla, or basal bristle, and 
the lateral nerves. These two discoveries marked a real advance in the 
matter of barley classification. Many other studies were made on minor 
differences in varieties, which were not found to be constant. 

Some years later (1906) Broili published a classification of two-rowed 
barleys in which he used the Svalof system to a very large extent, adding 

6 Rearranged in the standard form for keys. 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 377 

little to the previous work. He, however, criticized the Svalof investi- 
gators in regard to the constancy of the characters of the rhachilla and 
the dorsal nerves. This criticism has been shown by subsequent investi- 
gators to be without foundation. 

Beaven (1902) presented the first comprehensive classification of barleys 
in English. The main groups which he considered under the one species, 
Hordeum sativum, are as follows: 

A. All spikelets fertile. 
B. All spikelets normal. 

C. Spike wide with short internodes Hordeum hexastichum L. 

CC. Spike narrow with long internodes H. vulgare L; H. tetrastichum Kcke. 

BB. Spikelets of median rows normal, spikelets of four lateral rows diminutive and 

without awns H. intermedium Kcke. 

C. Spike wide, with short internodes var. Haxtoni 

CC. Spike narrow, with long internodes var. transiens 

AA. Only the median spikelets fertile. 

B. Four lateral rows infertile or staminate. 

C. Spike wide, with short internodes H. zeocriton L. 

CC. Spike narrow, with long internodes H. distichum L. 

BB. Four lateral rows rudimentary and without floral organs (several Abyssinian 
varieties) H. decipiens Steudel 

In his main divisions Beaven used these characters: fertility and width 
of spike, and length of rhachis internode. He used the name H. vulgare L. 
for H. tetrastichum Kcke., and divided the two-rowed barleys into zeocriton 
L. and distichum L. to correspond with the two forms of six-rowed barleys. 
He did not make a division of the decipiens group. In his description of 
varieties he used character of the spike (normal or abnormal), shape of 
the spike, color of the grain, terminal appendage, and character of the 
awn. His varietal descriptions include many recently developed varieties, 
especially those of Karl Hansen, which in several cases were riot yet well 
established. 

Regel (1906, 1908, 1910) differed from earlier workers (1) by basing his 
minor groups on races varying somewhat in environmental adaptations, 
(2) by recognizing only two densities, (3) by considering blue and purple 
as forms of white varieties, and (4) by making smooth awns a very minor 
character. 

Harlan (1914) made a study of barleys somewhat paralleling that of 
the Svalof investigators. He made no classification, but gave the char- 
acters that are of taxonomic value a thorough study. He was able to 
verify the findings of many previous investigators as to the value of certain 



378 Roy Glen Wiggans 

characters in classification as well as in genetic studies. Probably the 
most important addition to the knowledge of barleys which he gave was 
that in regard to pigmentation, which is reviewed later, in the discussion 
of the morphology of the barley plant. 

The grouping suggested by Carleton (1916) is as follows: 

'spontaneum, K. Koch, distichum, Linn., two-row barley. 

vulgare, Linn., common or nodding six-row barley. 
Hordeum \ polystichum, Doll • 

hexastichum, Linn., club or erect six-row barley, 
intermedium, Kcke., hybrid barley. 

Carleton mtntions one other type, Hordeum distichum deficiens, of which 
there are two forms, but he does not consider it as one of the main groups. 
Under each of the above groups Carleton separated varieties by the use 
of the following characters: fertility, color of the grain, shape of the 
spike, character of the awns, and habit of early growth. He gives only a 
brief consideration to the general classification, and contributes little 
to previous works. 

A little later (1918) Harlan presented a classification which is to be 
commended in many respects. This is given here in detail: 

Key to the species 

All spikelets fertile (6-row barley). 

Lemmas of all florets awned or hooded vulgare L. 

Lemmas of lateral florets bearing neither awns nor hoods intermedium Kcke. 

Only the central spikelets fertile (2-rowed barley). 

Lateral spikelets consisting of outer glumes, lemma, palet, rachilla, and usually rudiments 

of the sexual organs distichon L. 

Lateral spikelets reduced, usually to only the outer glumes and rachilla, rarely more than 
one flowering glume present, and never rudiments of sexual organs deficiens Steud. 

This scheme is founded on the one character fertility, that of density 
being eliminated entirely. It likewise considers barley as consisting of 
four distinct species, on the grounds (1) that clearness is better secured 
by making the species a smaller unit, (2) that no group of wild plants 
of such wide variation is united under a single species, and (3) that there 
is abundant evidence that at least two parents were involved in the 
production of the forms now domesticated. The only difficulty in 
separating the main groups comes in a few cases in which the variety is 
more or less intermediate in character. As Harlan has pointed out, 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 379 

this condition arises very seldom in the existing varieties. It may, 
however, cause difficulty in the future as the number of varieties increases. 
By the use of the adherence of the lemma and the palea to the caryopsis, 
the terminal appendage of the flowering glume, and the color of the grain, 
Harlan has described eight varieties in each of his species as follows: 

Key to the varieties 
Hordeum vulgare. 
Kernels hulled. 
Lemmas awned. 

Kernels white, blue, or purple 1. pallidum. 

Kernels black 2. nigrum. 

Lemmas hooded. 

Kernels white, blue, or purple 3. horsfordianum. 

Kernels black 4. atrum. 

Kernels naked. 
Lemmas awned. 

Kernels white, blue, C purple 5. coeleste. 

Kernels black 6. duplinigrum. 

Lemmas hooded. 

Kernels white, blue, or purple 7. trifurcatum. 

Kernels black 8. aethiops. 

Hordeum intermedium. 
Kernels hulled. 

Lemma of central floret awned or awnless. 

Kernels white, blue, or purple 9. haxtoni. 

Kernels black 10. mortoni. 

Lemma of central floret hooded. 

Kernels white, blue, or purple 11. subcomutum. 

Kernels black 12. atricornulum. 

Kernels naked. 

Lemma of central floret awned or awnless. 

Kernels white, blue, or purple 13. nudihaxtoni. 

Kernels black 14. nudimortoni. 

Lemma of central floret hooded. 

Kernels white, blue, or purple 15. cornutum. 

Kernels black 16. subaethiops. 

Hordeum distichon. 
Kernels hulled. 

Lemmas awned or awnless. 

Kernels white, blue, or purple. . . .' 17. palmella. 

Kernels black : 18. nigricans. 

Lemmas hooded. 

Kernels white, blue, or purple 19. anguslispicatum . 

Kernels black 20. rimpaui. 

Kernels naked. 

Lemmas awned or awnless. 

Kernels white, blue, or purple 21. nudum. 

Kernels black 22. nigrinudum. 

Lemmas hooded. 

Kernels white, blue, or purple 23. laxum. 

Kernels black 24. nigrilaxum. 



380 Roy Glen Wiggans 

Hordeum deficiens. 
Kernels hulled. 

Lemmas awned or awnless. 

Kernels white, blue, or purple 25. deficiens. 

Kernels black 26. steudelii. 

Lemmas hooded. 

Kernels white, blue, or purple 27. triceros. 

Kernels black 28. tridax. 

Kernels naked. 

Lemmas awned or awnless. 

Kernels white, blue, or purple 29. nudideficiens. 

Kernels black 30. decor iicatum. 

Lemmas hooded. 

Kernels white, blue, or purple 31. sublaxum. 

Kernels black 32. gymnospermum. 

For further divisions within the thirty-two varieties, Harlan used 
width of the outer glume, color of the kernels, character of the awns, 
density, and width and attitude of spike, in the order named. Thus, 
density, which has been given such an important place in all previous 
classifications, is here used only for a minor varietal distinction. No 
attempt is made in this publication by Harlan to distinguish commercial 
varieties. 

NUMBER OF SPECIES 

Although there is a consensus of opinion that fertility should be used as 
one, if not the only, character in making up the main groups of barley, 
there is by no means the same harmonious agreement in regard to the 
number of species. On the one hand, there is a group consisting of 
Linnaeus (1753), Schiibler (1818), Seringe (1819), Carleton (1916), and 
Harlan (1918), who have considered cultivated barleys as forming from 
three to seven species; on the other hand, Jessen (1855), Kornicke (1885), 
Voss (1885), Atterberg (1899), and Munro and Beaven (1900), have pre- 
ferred to group all barleys under one species. 

In general, species in cultivated crops should be based on their origin, 
as far as is possible. This general rule cannot be followed absolutely 
because of the uncertainty in regard to the progenitors of many groups 
of plants. After the species have been established, the subspecies and 
the groups should if possible be based on the order of evolution. This, 
like the establishment of the species, is uncertain to a large degree, and 
thus the classification becomes more and more artificial. 

In the establishment of species in the case of barleys, the very earliest 
classifications cannot have much weight because of the smallness of the 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 381 

collections and the lack of research in regard to their origin. Kornicke 
was the first to present the theory that all domesticated barley originated 
from one wild species, Hordeum spontaneum, and on this basis he made 
one species, Hordeum vulgare. Jessen, however, had previously considered 
all barley to belong to one species, Hordeum sativum Jess. Voss, Atterberg, 
and Beaven. following Kornicke's theory, considered barley as only one 
species but followed Jessen in terminology. In more recent years con- 
siderable evidence has been produced which indicates at least two wild 
ancestors for cultivated barley. The best discussion of this subject is 
by Schulz (1913), who presents the theory that by the accumulation of 
several small variations from the wild species H. spontaneum, a new 
wild species, H. ischnatherum, was produced which is widely distributed 
in the Tigris-Euphrates region. This form as it is found presents several 
variations in the characters of side spikeiets, just as does the wild species 
H. spontaneum, but in general it is much nearer the six-rowed type than 
is H. spontaneum. Schulz offers the further theory that by the accumulation 
of still more variations from H. ischnatherum, the cultivated forms of the 
six-rowed barleys have been derived, and in a similar manner the cultivated 
forms of the two-rowed barleys also have been derived from H. spontaneum. 
His opinion in regard to the origin of the intermediate forms between 
the common six-rowed and the common two-rowed barleys is that they 
arose by crossing. He thinks that the deficient forms arose directly from 
H. spontaneum, and not from any cultivated forms of two-rowed barleys. 

SUMMARY 

From the foregoing review of the various classifications, the progress 
after Linnaeus may be briefly summarized as follows: 

1. The division of Hordeum distichon L. into H. erectum and H. nutans 
by Schtibler. 

2. The grouping of all barley varieties into one species by Jessen. 

3. The conception of the variety as a unit, by Kornicke, and the estab- 
lishment of a large number of varieties on a firm basis. (Kornicke's main 
groups, however, were not an improvement over the groups previously 
established.) 

4. The new system of Atterberg, whereby 188 varieties were designated 
by the use of 33 terms. (It is doubtful whether this was an advance.) 



382 



Roy Glen Wiggans 



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A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 383 

5. The classification of cultivated varieties by Beaven, wherein the 
treatment of the main groups was superior to that of Kornicke. 

6. The discovery by Neergaard of the stability of the long- and the 
short-haired rhachillas, and the smooth and the barbed lateral nerves. 

7. The researches of Harlan in regard to pigmentation in barleys. 

8. The reclassification of barleys by Harlan wherein the main groups 
were established on the basis of fertility alone. 

The relative weight given the different characters by the various 
investigators are summarized in the table on the opposite page. It is 
seen that there is a very marked lack of agreement in the use of the 
various characters for classification purposes, with the one exception 
of fertility, which is used as a basis of separation for the main groups or 
species in every case but one. 

MATERIAL USED IN THE PRESENT CLASSIFICATION 

In the present study 627 specimens were under observation, many of 
which were alike in name and in all observable morphological characters. 
These so-called varieties were largely collected in 1915 by Professor 
E. G. Montgomery, of Cornell University, for the purpose of classification. 
The most valuable individual collections were those obtained from the 
California Experiment Station at Berkeley, California, the E. Clemens 
Horst Company of San Francisco, and the Okonomisch-botanische Garten 
of Halle University in Germany. From these three sources alone an 
aggregate of 475 specimens were obtained, including all the types of any 
economic importance and practically all the rarer types. This original 
collection has been enlarged by additions from the Department of Plant 
Breeding at Cornell University, from the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant 
Introductions and the Office of Cereal Investigation of the United States 
Bureau of Plant Industry, from the state agricultural experiment stations, 
particularly those of Virginia and Wisconsin, and from other minor sources, 
all of which have aided materially in completing the collection. 

The collection has been in the hands of the writer since 1915 and 
has been grown each year in rod rows, one foot apart. Since yield was 
not a factor in the present study, the rate of planting was adjusted 
in all cases so that good development of individual plants might be 
obtained. 



384 Roy Glen Wiggans 

MORPHOLOGY OF THE BARLEY PLANT 

The first thing necessary in making a key for a group of plants is a 
detailed study of the morphological characters of the plants. This study 
is necessary for two reasons — to acquaint the investigator with the plants 
with which he expects to work, and to learn the characters that are not in- 
fluenced by environmental conditions. These are the characters that must 
be given the important places in the classification. Therefore a considera- 
tion of the morphological characters is of much importance in this paper. 
The various discussions herein not only include a description of the 
individual characters, but also consider their value taxonomically and 
the use made of them in the present and in previous classifications. 
However, the relative taxonomic value of the various characters is not 
given any weight in the arrangement of this section. 

The morphological characters as discussed herein are divided into three 
groups and are treated according to the following order: gross characters, 
spike characters, and spikelet characters. 

GROSS CHARACTERS 

The gross characters of barley, which include color, shape, and size 
of the leaves, number and size of culms, roots, and some other characters, 
are the least valuable among the three groups of characters from a 
taxonomic standpoint. The differences in these characters are usually 
not sufficient to warrant taxonomic divisions. Furthermore, they are 
the most variable of all the characters under different environmental 
conditions. Their chief value is to be found in varietal descriptions. 

Foliage 

The foliage of barley varieties presents a rather wide range of variations, 
all of which are difficult not only to describe but also to recognize. Varia- 
tions occur in color, length, width, and number of leaves. Kornicke 
(1885), in his varietal descriptions, used four shades of green — 
bright, dark, bluish, and yellowish. Difficulties immediately arise in 
such descriptive terms, because the personal factor is too great in describing 
or recognizing such a character for it to have much value. Other investi- 
gators have recognized difficulties in using such characters, and as a 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 385 

consequence have used color of foliage with much precaution. The length 
and the width of the leaves are variables which, like color, are largely 
dependent on environment and are limited in their use in the same way. 
For them to be of any value, accurate statistical work must be done. 
As a rule, when significant differences are found, it is between the larger 
groups, where no such detailed observations are necessary for the distinction. 
The most marked variation in leaves is between the spring and the winter 
barleys, which are discussed later. The variation in the number, exclusive 
of the basal leaves, is identical with the number of nodes, which is discussed 
in connection with culm characters. 

Culm characters 

The culms of barley, vary in several characters, but, in general, greater 
variations are produced by different environments than exist between 
closely related forms. For this reason these variations are, like the 
variations in the foliage, of minor importance in classification. Their 
only value is in varietal description. Such characters as height of the 
plant, number of culms to the plant, diameter of the culms, thickness 
of the culm wall, number of nodes, and length of the last internode, have 
been used more or less extensively in descriptions. Kornicke (1885, 
1895, and 1909) made use of many varying vegetative characters in 
descriptive work. 

Height of 'plant 

The height of certain varieties in a particular locality varies as much 
as 100 per cent and for this reason may be of importance locally, but these 
same varieties grown in another region may have a reverse relationship 
in regard to height. This has been well shown by Harlan, who in 1911 
selected thirteen pedigreed barleys representing a wide range of types and 
planted them at four widely separated points. He found a marked 
regional response For example, Odessa was short and unpromising in 
Minnesota and little better in California, but was very tall and vigorous 
in both Montana and North Dakota. The Abyssinian varieties, on the 
contrary, grew well in California but were very short elsewhere, as is seen 
from the accompanying table taken from Harlan (1914) : 



386 



Roy Glen Wiggans 



Influence of Geographical Location on the Length of the Culm in 13 
Representative Selections of Barley Grown at Four Widely Separated Points, 
the Selections Being Arranged in the Order of Their Height at Each Point 



St. Paul, 
Minnesota 


Williston, 
North Dakota 


Moccasin, 
Montana 


Chico, 
California 


Hordeum vulgare 


Servian 


Odessa 

Hordeum vulgare 

Surprise 

Summit 

Servian 

S. P. I. No. 20375 . . . 
Kitzing, 6-rowed. . . . 

Manchuria 

Oderbrucker 


S. P. I. No. 20375 


Odessa 


Oderbrucker 


Manchuria 


Hordeum vulgare 


Abyssinian 
Servian 




Oderbrucker 

Manchuria 


Smyrna 




Manchuria 




Summit 


Summit 


S. P. I. No. 20375 


Surprise 


Odessa 


Kitzing, 2-rowed 

Kitzing, 6-rowed 


Kitzing, 6-rowed. . . . 
S. P. I. No. 20375. .. 

Princess 

Abyssinian 


Kitzing, 6-rowed 


Abyssinian 

Kitzing, 2-rowed. . . . 
Princess 


Kitzing, 2-rowed 




Surprise 




Kitzing, 2-rowed .... 


Hordeum vulgare 







Length of last internode 

The relation of the spike to the leaf sheath depends entirely on the 
length of the last internode — the one on which the spike is borne. The 
shorter the last internode, the less the spike will be exserted. The failure 
of the spike to be exserted from the leaf sheath has been used repeatedly 
in describing such barleys as the Smyrna and Princess varieties. The 
fact that this character occurs in the same varieties in widely differing 
localities is evidence enough that it is a true varietal character, but there 
is considerable variation within the variety. It is, however, characteristic 
enough in a few instances to determine a variety. In the present 
classification the length of the last internode is used in varietal descriptions. 

Number of nodes 

The number of nodes varies from three to seven in different varieties, 
but in all cases there is sufficient variation within the varieties to cause 
an overlapping, thus making the character uncertain. The number of 
leaves to a culm is identical with the number of nodes and consequently 
varies in the same way. 

Roots 

So far as it was determined, there are no varietal differences of roots 
that can be employed in classification. The ratio between tops and roots 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 387 

may vary to some extent between varieties, but similar variations occur 
within the variety as a result of local conditions. Consequently, root 
characters are of no value either for classification or for descriptive purposes. 

Habit of plant in early growth 

The habit of the plant in early growth is very important because it is 
by this character that spring and winter varieties are separated. The 
difference appears both in the number and the attitude of the culms and 
in the number of leaves. The ordinary spring varieties of barley have 
a small number of culms which stand erect at all stages of growth, and 
only a few basal leaves. Winter varieties, on the other hand, have a 
large number of culms and leaves which are more or less decumbent 
during the early part of the development of the plant. It is at this stage 
that such varieties pass the winter period. In the spring, when new 
growth begins, a few of the many culms elongate, producing the flowering 
stalks and the grain of the plant, while the others remain undeveloped 
and sooner or later disappear as a vital part of the plant. 

If these same varieties are seeded in the spring, a large tuft of leaves 
and very short culms are produced early in the season. The plants will 
remain at this stage for a considerable period before the flowering stalks 
are produced; in some cases, in fact, the flowering stalks entirely fail 
to appear, while those that do appear are usually infertile or produce 
very little grain. For this reason, it seems that a dormant period is 
needed for the proper development of these varieties. 

An intermediate condition, which may be called semi-erect, is also 
found in some varieties, in which the number of culms and leaves is above 
the average for barleys and the culms tend to spread out to some extent. 
All of such varieties are, however, spring varieties. This character can 
be used only in varietal description. 

The distinction between winter barleys and spring barleys was made 
by Kornicke (1885) and by Carleton (1916) in describing varieties, but 
has never been used as an important distinction between large groups of 
varieties. In the present classification the habit of the plants in early 
growth is used only in minor separations. 



388 Roy Glen Wiggans 

Emergence of awns and spikes 

The date at which the head appears is a note that has been generally 
taken by all barley breeders as well as by those studying varietal differences. 
More recently this has been replaced by a note on the date of appearance 
of the awns. Harlan (1914) showed that the latter is more nearly accurate 
and easier to obtain than the former. This has proved to be true in the 
present investigation. The only objection to using the date of the 
emergence of the awns, instead of the date of the appearance of the head, 
is that hooded and awnless varieties cannot be compared with awned 
varieties. This is not a serious objection, however, as this character can 
be used only to distinguish strains within a variety. The relationship 
of strains in this regard varies with the locality. In the few cases of 
awnfess and hooded varieties, it is necessary to use the date of the appear- 
ance of the spike as the distinguishing character. The date of appearance 
of either the awn or the spike is so variable that it has no taxonomic value. 

Time of maturity 

Ordinarily the time of maturity is correlated with the date of emergence 

of the awns, but, as is the case with most other correlated characters, 

some exceptions occur. This character is of value at times, not only in 

distinguishing different varieties or strains in a given environment, but 

also in detecting mixtures in the field. A pure strain will mature all 

spikes within a very few days. This character is much more reliable 

when used in connection with early-maturing than with late-maturing 

varieties. Late-maturing varieties are often ripened abnormally by 

unfavorable weather conditions. This character is used in the present 

classification only in distinguishing strains otherwise similar, and in varietal 

descriptions. 

Production 

The yield of varieties, although in a given region varying from very 
small to very large, cannot be employed for classification purposes because 
it is almost wholly dependent on environment. Consequently, production 
has no place in the present investigation. 

SPIKE CHARACTERS 

The characters of the spike, including variations in fertility, density, 
and rhachis, are far more important from the standpoint of classification 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 389 

than the gross characters already discussed. Some of these spike char- 
acters which are the most conspicuous and the easiest to recognize, have 
been used in all previous barley classifications. In most instances 
either density or fertility has been given first place in the formation of 
groups. 

The differences in the characters of the spike are great and have been 
found to be constant under different environmental conditions. Because 
of these facts they have proved to be of much taxonomic value, and are so 
considered in the present classification. 

Fertility 

Barley varieties, as stated above, have been divided into groups according 
to the fertility of the spikelets, by all investigators who have worked on 
their classification. The first pre-Linnaean divisions were made on this 
character when only two groups were recognized, the two-rowed and the 
six-rowed. Linnaeus likewise followed this scheme, but used in connection 
with it the density of the spike, thereby making four groups or species. 
In 1885 Steudel (cited by Kornicke, 1885) fully described a third degree 
of fertility, which he designated as deficiens. Kornicke (1885) recognized 
a fourth degree of fertility in his group, known as intermedium. Thus, 
four definite stages of fertility have been recognized as important in the 
formation of groups in the case of barley. 

In order to understand the variation in fertility, it is necessary first 
to know the structure of the barley head. Barley, in common with all 
other members of the genus Hordeum, produces three single-flowered 
spikelets at each node of the flattened rhachis. Structurally the spikelets 
are very similar, each having two outer glumes, a lemma, and a palea, 
which inclose the sexual organs. In all cultivated barleys, the central 
spikelet of the series of three at each internode is always fertile. The 
variation in fertility is found only in the side spikelets, which present 
four stages of fertility, as has already been stated. These different con- 
ditions of fertility are as follows: (1) all three spikelets equally fertile, 
with the lemmas of each projected into a terminal appendage, either an 
awn or a hood as the case may be, and with the kernels of the side spikelets 
almost as large as the kernels of the medium spikelets (fig. 51, A and B, 
and fig. 69, H. vulgare) ; (2) all three spikelets fertile, but the lemmas of 



390 



Roy Glen Wiggans 




B CD 

Fig. 51. the structure of six-rowed barleys 

A, Dorsal view of perfect condition of fertility, where all spikelets are equally fertile and 
awned; B, ventral view of same; C, dorsal view of second condition of fertility, where side 
spikelets are fertile but about one-half the size of median spikelets and not awned; D, ventral 
view of same 

the side spikelets without terminal appendages, ending either in a point 
or bluntly, and the kernels of the side spikelets about one-half the size 
of the kernels of the median spikelets (fig. 51, C and D); (3) the side 
spikelets infertile, but possessing rudimentary sexual organs and all the 
structural parts of the fertile spikelets except the terminal appendages 
of the lemma (fig. 52, A and B) ; (4) the side spikelets infertile, without 
rudimentary sexual organs and with all structural parts very much 
reduced. In some cases, only the two outer glumes and a rudimentary 
rhachUla remain as evidence of the side spikelet (fig. 52, C and D). The 
relative position and size of the spikelets in the various types is diagram- 
matically shown in figure 53. 

These four conditions of fertility, previously recognized, have remained 
practically stable since they were first described. For this reason, and 
because they have been constantly used in all early classifications, they 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 391 

are of the greatest taxonomic value. Some intermediates between these 
stages have been described from time to time by different authors, 
especially Kornicke (1885). Most of these which were the results of 
crosses have proved to be unstable and have gone out of existence as 
varieties. Crosses between two of the above-named conditions of fertility 
give in the second generation practically all steps between the two parent 
types, but these intermediates have proved heterozygous in future 
generations and have broken up in a similar manner to the original first- 
generation cross. 

In the present classification, these four conditions of fertility are used 
as the first and most important character in the subdivision of cultivated 
barleys, for three reasons: (1) stability in all environmental conditions; 
(2) ease of recognition; and (3) weight given by all earlier investigators. 




A BCD 

Fig. 52. the structure of two-rowed barleys 

A, Dorsal view of third condition of fertility, where side spikelets are infertile but possess 
all structural parts except terminal appendage of lemma; B, ventral view of same; C, dorsal 
view of fourth condition of fertility, where side spikelets are very rudimentary; D, ventral 
view of same 



392 



Roy Glen Wiggans 







Fig. 53. 



D E F 

DIAGRAMMATIC SKETCH OF CROSS SECTIONS OF SPIKES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF BARLEY 



A, H. vulgare (dense form*) ; B, H. vulgare (lax form); C, H. intermedium; D, H. distichon 
(dense form) ; E, H. distichon (lax form) ; F, H. deficient 

Branch-headed barleys 

One other structure sometimes arises in barleys, which has caused 
descriptions to be written of what were termed seven-rowed, eight-rowed, 
or nine-rowed barleys. Such a condition, which might be called a stage 
of fertility, is brought about by repetitions of the three spikelets at a node. 
In other words, instead of one series of three spikelets at each node of the 
rhachis, there are three series (fig. 54). In the case of the two-rowed 
barleys, if this occurs regularly a six-rowed barley would be produced, 
but instead of only three spikelets at one internode, all of which were 
fertile, there would be three fertile and six infertile spikelets. If the 
same thing were to happen in the case of the six-rowed barleys, an eighteen- 
rowed barley would result. At each node of the rhachis nine kernels 
would appear. No instances have been reported in which there was 
such a replication at every node. The change usually comes at or near 
the base of the spike, and at only a small number of nodes. A further 
deviation occurs when a true branch is formed which bears spikelets at 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 393 



each internode just as the main axis of 
the spike does. These likewise arise 
near the base of the spike. 

Occasionally such deviations as are 
mentioned above are more or less con- 
stant, but more often they are found 
to be variable, due to environmental 
conditions. In either case they have 
no economic importance and very little 
taxonomic value. Consequently they 
are not used in the present classifi- 
cation as characters of importance in 
separating groups or even varieties. 

Density 

The density of the spike in barley, by 
which is meant the number of florets 
to the unit length of rhachis, has been 
employed by all taxonomists in the 
classification of barleys, in one form 
or another. In the greater number of 
cases it has been given equal weight 
with fertility in the formation of either 
species or subspecies. In fact, density 
has been considered by many authors 
as a result of varying degrees of fer- 
tility. This, however, can easily be 
disproved by making comparative 
weights of the kernels of the lateral 
and central spikelets of either com- 
mon or erect six-rowed varieties. There 
is .just as much difference between 
these two groups of spikelets in the 
erect varieties as in the common. The 
groups according to density have gen- 
erally been divided into dense and lax 
forms. For the sake of varietal descrip- 
tion, Kornicke (1885) even mentioned 
a division of the dense forms into 
dense and very dense. 




Fig. 54. two-bowed barley 

A, Spike of branch-headed two-rowed 
barley; B, one internode of the rhachis 
with its abnormalities 



394 



Roy Glen Wiggans 



>J 



It was not until Atterberg (1899) presented his new system of classifica- 
tion that the density of the spike was made a character of minor importance. 
In the earlier works, density and fertility were given about the same weight. 
In Atterberg's new system, density was considered only after the characters 

of terminal appendage, outer glume, fer- 
tility, and side spikelets. * Following 
Atterberg, both Beaven and the investi- 
gators at Svalof went back to the old 
system of considering fertility and den- 
sity as practically of equal importance. 
In Harlan's recent paper (1918), density 
is again employed only as a distinguish- 
ing characteristic between subvarieties. 
That there is a decided variation in 
this character of the spike in barley 
varieties cannot be denied. The diffi- 
culty in the use of this character lies in 
the intergradations between the dense 
and the lax forms. In a large collection 
of barleys it is possible to find prac- 
tically all degrees of density, from the 
very lax to the very dense. This diffi- 
culty has been mentioned by earlier 
writers. Kornicke, however, based his 
several subdivisions on the variation in 
the density of the spike. In the present 
classification, density is used in the sep- 
aration of rather large groups of com- 
mercial varieties but is not considered 
as important as either fertility, adher- 
ence of glumes to the caryopsis, terminal 
appendage, or color. 



1 



Fig. 55. relative length of rhachis 
internodes of barley of different 
densities ( x 6) 

A, Lax; B, erect; C, very dense 



Length of internodes of rhachis 

The length of the internodes of the 
rhachis varies directly with, and is the de- 
ciding factor in, density. This character 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 395 




Fig. 56. variation in the angle op inclination ov kernel with rhachis 
A, Chevalier; B, Goldthorpe; C, Fan barley 



396 



Roy Glen Wiggans 



has been used in the determination of density by several investigators, 
especially Atterberg (1899) and Harlan (1914). Atterberg used the aver- 
age length of the internodes as the chief character in separating his sub- 
varieties. In the present classification, the length of internodes has been 
found very useful. In two-rowed forms, three quite distinct groups were 
found centering around the lengths 3.3, 2.5, and 1.7 centimeters to ten 
internodes, or, in other words, giving a ratio of almost 2:1.5:1 (fig. 55). 
In the six-rowed forms the very dense group was not so distinct. Varia- 
tions from the general averages were found in many cases. These lesser 
variations can be used only in descriptions of varieties under like environ- 
mental conditions, and would not necessarily hold if the specimens were 
grown in different localities. The larger differences, however, are little 
influenced bv environment and can consequently be used in classifica- 
tion with a considerable degree of certainty. 




Fig. 57. variations in the attitude of the spike in lax and dense forms 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 397 



Angle of inclination of kernel 

The angle of inclination of the 
kernel is only another expression of 
density. It increases directly with 
the density and inversely with the 
length of the internode. The shorter 
the internode, the greater is the 
angle of inclination of the kernel 
(fig. 56). This character is, how- 
ever, harder to determine and less 
accurate than the length of the in- 
ternode. For this reason, length of 
internode is given preference in the 
present study in the determination 
of density. The angle of inclination, 
nevertheless, has been used by the 
Svalof investigators in describing 
varieties. 

Attitude of spike 

The variations in the attitude or 
the relative position of the spike in 
regard to the culm, some of which 
are shown in figure 57, are likewise 
closely correlated with the length of 
the internodes of the rhachis, and 
for this reason may be disregarded 
in most cases. They are of value 
in descriptions of varieties and in 
the comparison of widely different 
types. One advantage which this 
character in its extreme conditions 
has over the length of the rhachis 
internodes is that of ease in deter- 
mination. It is not reliable, how- 
ever, except under very favorable 
growing and ripening conditions, 
and is used in the present classi- 
fication only in connection with the 




HORDEUM SPONTANEUM 



A, Entire spike; B, one internode of rhachis 
with spikelets attached 



398 Roy Glen Wiggans 

length of the internode. This character has been used in connection 
with density by practically all previous investigators. 

Articulation of internodes of rhachis 

In the wild types of barley known at present, the rhachis separates at 
maturity into as many segments as there are internodes in the rhachis. 
This separation is by disarticulation and not by rupture (fig. 58). Each 
separate segment remains attached to one spikelet. In the cultivated 
types of barley this separation does not take place; the rhachis either 
remains entire, or, if threshed, may be broken to pieces by rupture but 
seldom by disarticulation. In either case, however, no part of it remains 
with the spikelets. Nevertheless, there is considerable variation in this 
character of the rhachis in cultivated barleys. Although no part of the 
rhachis remains with the threshed grain, there is a tendency in certain 
varieties for the rhachis to separate easily into the various segments at 
maturity. This difference is a matter of degree, and as a consequence 
cannot be used as an important taxonomic character. But it has con- 
siderable value in varietal distinctions, and is used in that connection 
in the present paper. 

This character has not been used by previous investigators either as 
a group characteristic or as a varietal difference. 

SPIKELET CHARACTERS 

The spikelet in the case of barley presents several characters which 
are very important from the standpoint of classification, second only to 
the two principal spike characters already discussed. The most valuable 
spikelet characters in barley are those of the caryopsis, the glumes, and 
the rhachilla. These present wide differences, many of which have been 
found to remain constant under all environmental conditions. They 
have found second place in classifications because of difficulty in 
determination, and in some cases of intermediacy 

The grain 

The term grain, as used in this paper, when applied to hulled barleys 
includes both the caryopsis and the adhering lemma and palea; but 
when the term is applied to hull-less varieties, only the caryopsis is con- 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 399 

sidered. In other words, grain is the term applied to the threshed product. 
The grain of barley presents several important characters, both com- 
mercially and taxonomically — composition, size, shape, and color. 



Corn-position 

The composition of barley grain of the hulled varieties is a subject that 
has been given much study in connection with malting. The composition 
of hull-less varieties has not, however, been given equal consideration. 
For this reason, and because the same variations occur in each form, 
data for only the hulled type are given herein. Beaven (1902), and 
Le Clerc and Wahl (1909), report a large number of analyses of barleys. 
From these data it is apparent that composition is influenced much more 
by environment, rainfall, temperature, sunshine, and fertilizers, than by the 
variety. The following table from Le Clerc and Wahl illustrates this fact: 



Variety and State 


Water 
(per 
cent) 


Fat 
(per 
cent) 


Fiber 

(per 

cent) 


Starch 
(per 

cent) 


Protein 
(per 

cent) 


Hulls 

(per 

cent) 


Weight of 

1000 

grains 

(grams) 


Ash 
(per 
cent) 


Bay Brewing 

California 

Kansas 

Two-rowed 


8.23 
10.32 

8.82 
10.00 


2.06 
2.02 

2.15 
2.23 


6.72 
7.31 

5.52 

5.38 


58.23 
59.66 

60.38 
55.91 


9.77 
13.69 

10.66 
17.69 


14.46 
15.00 

11.08 
11.70 


35.82 
30.56 

35.28 
35.07 


3.03 
3.41 

2.72 


Kansas 


3.13 



The difference in the composition of the same variety in different 
localities is much greater than the difference in the composition of different 
varieties in the same locality. This is especially true of water, protein, 
and ash contents. These data verify previous work along the same line. 
Regardless of this truth, there is a strong tendency for some varieties 
to possess heritable differences in composition. This character may in 
some instances be used in differentiating varieties that are grown under 
exactly the same environment, but in a classification of barley varieties 
it has little place. In the present investigation the composition of the 
grain is not used. 

Size 

The average size of the grain has been used by agronomists generally 
in describing varieties and strains, but the differences are usually very 



400 Roy Glen Wiggans 

small in closely related samples, making its value doubtful. It is, however, 
more 1 significant in the case of widely different groups. But in such 
instances other more reliable and less variable characters are usually 
present. For these reasons, and because it varies greatly with the 
environment, it is used in the present classification only in varietal 
descriptions. 

The variation of the size of grain within a variety may, however, be 
significant as an aid in determining the groups to which a variety belongs, 
if the sample is threshed. All grains are of approximately the same size 
in the two-rowod groups, while in the six-rowed groups one-third of the 
grains are noticeably h.rger than the other two-thirds, and in the inter- 
mediate group one-third are approximately twice the size of the other 
two-thirds. These distinctions are valuable only in connection with 
threshed grain. In the case of threshed samples of hull-less types, this 
variation in size may be the only way of distinguishing two-rowed from 
six-rowed varieties. With threshed samples of hulled types, however, the 
shape of the grain, as described later, is more reliable in determining groups. 

Shape 

The difference in .shape of the grain between the two-rowed and the 
six-rowed hulled types has become well established as a group distinction 
(fig. 59). The grains from the lateral spikelets are all more or less twisted 
in the six-rowed varieties, while those from the central spikelets are all 
symmetrical in contour. In the two-rowed varieties all the grains are 
symmetrical in contour, since they are produced by the central spikelets. 
There is a difference even between the shape of the grains of the two- 
rowed varieties and the grains of the central spikelets of the six-rowed 
varieties. The grains of the central spikelets of the six-rowed varieties 
are broadest near the tip, while those of the two-rowed varieties are 
broadest near the base. This difference has been used by the Swedish 
investigators as a group distinction, and is used in the present investiga- 
tion only for a study of threshed grain. It has no value in identifying 
threshed samples of hull-less barley, because all grains are symmetrical, 
due to lack of compression by the glumes. 

The differences in shape to be found between varieties in the lesser 
groups are very small and must be based on measurements of the various 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley ' 401 





Fig. 59 

A, Grain of two-rowed barley; B, grain of lateral spikelets of six-rowed barley 



DIFFERENCE IN APPEARANCE OF VENTRAL VIEW, OF GRAIN OF TWO-ROWED BARLEY 
AND OF GRAIN OF LATERAL SPIKELETS OF SIX-ROWED BARLEY 



dimensions. The most reliable and least influenced by environmental 
conditions, as found by Harlan (1914), is in length. By this measurement 
it is possible in a few instances to distinguish between certain very similar 
varieties or strains. This character is used only in varietal description 
in the present classification. 

Color 

The color of both the caryopsis and the glumes (lemma and palea) 
has been used in practically all classifications that have appeared. The 
use, however, has not been consistent, probably because the nature of 
the pigmentation of barley was not understood. The following colors 
have been used in classifications by various investigators: white, yellow, 
black, violet, purple, and blue-gray. The use of color by Beaven (1902) 
may be given as a typical instance: 

Colour of (1) the paleae*; (2) the seed (caryopsis). 

(a) Yellow or white paleae and seed. 

(b) Yellow or white paleae with bluish-grey seed. 

(c) Brown paleae. 

(d) Black paleae. The colour of the seed (caryopsis) when naked in the two latter cases 

also varies. 



*Beaven used the term paleae to include both lemma and palea. 



402 Roy Glen Wiggans 

It remained for Harlan (1914) to make a detailed study of the pig- 
mentation of barleys. This work has aided materially in giving an 
understanding of the variations in color, and in clearing up inconsistencies. 
As a result of his work, Harlan found that all pigmentation was the result 
of only two pigments, anthocyanin and a melanin-like pigment. He 
found four color conditions to exist as a result of the total absence or 
the different location and combination of the pigments, as follows: 

1. (a) Hulled varieties without pigment in either lemma or aleurone 
layer. 

(b) Hull-less varieties without pigment in the aleurone layer or in 
the pericarp. 

Either of these conditions results in a white or a yellow barley. 
* 2. (a) Hulled varieties with a blue aleurone layer showing through the 
superimposed lemma. 

(b) Hull-less varieties with a blue aleurone layer showing through 
a pericarp containing no pigment. 

Either of these conditions results in a blue barley. 

3. (a) Hulled varieties with purple lemmas. 

(b) Hull-less varieties with blue aleurone and red pericarp. 
Either of these conditions results in a purple barley. 

4. (a) Hulled varieties with black lemmas, 
(b) Hull-less varieties with black pericarp. 

Either of these conditions results in a black barley. 

Another color condition sometimes appears in' immature white or 
yellow barleys. The lack of maturity cautees the development of a greenish 
color which is probably not due to any pigment. The blue and purple 
color -conditions mentioned above are due to one pigment, anthocyanin. 
In an acid condition this appears red and in an alkaline condition it appears 
blue. The combination of the two produce purple. The black color is 
due to the melanin-like pigment, which is unchanged by treatment with 
either an acid or an alkali. The brown color as used in some classifications 
is without doubt a black, and consequently has in most cases, if not in all, 
very little taxonomic value. 

Color as used in the present classification follows the grouping as given 
above. Because of the ease of recognition and the distinct condition 
of color, it is given an important place herein in making the various groups. 
The blue condition is the only one which is at times difficult to recognize. 
In the case of hulled barleys, the color may be obscured by weathering 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 403 

at harvest time unless conditions are very favorable. In these instances 
it is necessary to remove the glumes in order to detect the color. If there 
is still doubt in regard to the presence or the absence of the blue pigment, 
the question may be determined by a simple chemical test which consists 
in dropping into a weak acid solution some kernels whose seed coats 
have been cut through. In a few minutes, according to the strength 
of the solution, a pink ring will appear in the region of the aleurone layer 
if any pigment is present; if no pigment is present there will be no color. 

If barleys under study are immature, another difficulty may arise in 
determining color, since pigmentation is developed in the last stages of 
maturity. If harvest takes place too soon the development is somewhat 
arrested, and this may cause difficulty. 

Pigmentation likewise occurs in other parts of the plant, particularly in 
the leaves and the stems. The pigment concerned is usually, if not 
always, anthocyanin. The appearance of coloration is, however, not 
normal in most cases and is never reliable as a taxonomic character. It 
usually appears as a result of arrested development, hastened maturity, 
or other abnormal conditions due to malnutrition. 

The lemma, 6 or flowering glume 

No other single structure in barley gives so many morphologically 
important characters as does the lemma. Some of the characters of this 
structure have been used by all investigators who have attempted either 
classifications or descriptions since the time of Linnaeus. Their relative 
importance has not been the same in all cases, but without exception the 
separation of large groups has been made by the use of one or more of 
the lemma characters. 

The color of the lemma has already been discussed in connection with 
the color of grains, and need only be mentioned here. The remaining 
important lemma characters, the variations of which are constant in 
different varieties or groups, are the adherence of the lemma and the 
palea to the caryopsis, the terminal appendage, the number of nerves, 
the barbing of the lateral nerves, and the base. These characters are 
discussed in the above order. 



6 The term lemma is used throughout this paper instead of the term flowering glume. • Not only is lemma 
a shorter term than flowering glume, but it serves to distinguish this structure from the outer glumes of 
the spikelet. It is also the term now commonly used by agronomists. It is, however, morphologically 
the same as the outer, or empty, glumes, all of which are reduced structures on the main axis of the spikelet. 
The palea differs from the other glumes of the spikelet by arising from the secondary axis of the spikelet 
(fig. 60). 



404 



Roy Glen Wiggans 



Adherence of lemma and palea to caryopsis 

Two very different and easily distinguishable conditions exist in regard 
to the adherence of the lemma and the palea to the caryopsis. The 
condition that is probably the more characteristic and the more primitive 

is the one in which both 
the lemma and the 
palea are grown fast to 
the caryopsis at ma- 
turity. This union 
takes place near the 
time of maturity, when 
the caryopsis has 
reached its maximum 
size. Varieties with 
this characteristic are 
known as hulled bar- 
leys. In contrast to 
these, some varieties 
fail to form a union 
between the lemma 
and palea and the cary- 
opsis. In such cases the 
caryopsis at maturity 
is easily separated from 
the lemma and the 
palea. Varieties with 
this characteristic are 
known as hull-less, or 
naked, barleys. 
Fig. 60. diagrammatic sketch of barley spikelet These contrasting 

1, Rhachis, or primary axis of spike; 2, primary axis of spike- characters were first 
let; 3, outer glumes; 4, lemma of flowering glume; 5, awn; 6, rprorf l Pf ] K v t j nn „ P11 « 
palea; 7, stamens; 8, pistils; 9, rhachilla recorded Dy .Linnaeus 

(1753). By their use 
he made two groups each of lax six-rowed and lax two-rowed barleys, 
but did not consider them sufficiently important for the establishment 
of species. They have since been used in all classifications as import- 
ant taxonomic characters. 




A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 405 



There is never any question in determining this character in mature 
grain because intermediates do not occur. Even in crosses the inter- 
mediate condition is not found, a fact which is not true with many other 
characters in hybrids. No established variety from crosses of hulled and 
hull -less types shows 
intermediacy. Because 
this character can be 
readily observed both 
in threshed and in un- 
threshed grain, and 
because of the total 
lack of intermediates, 
it is second to no 
other character taxo- 
nomically; but because 
of precedence and the 
probable evolutionary 
development, it is given 
second place in the 
present classification. 

Terminal appendage 

The terminal append- 
age of the lemma in 
barleys may be divided 
into thvee types: the 
normal, or awned (fig. 
66), the awnless (fig. 68), 
and the hooded (fig. 67, 
B and D). 

The normal type is 
produced simply by an 
extension of the vascular system of the lemma into a long, pointed proc- 
ess known as the awn, or beard. The awns of most barleys are barbed 
from the base to the tip. This, however, does not hold for all varie- 
ties. A few cultivated varieties have smooth awns (fig. 61, B), and 
many more are being produced by hybridization. The smooth-awned 




VARIATION IN BARBING OF AWNS 

A, Barbed; B, smooth 



406 Roy Glen Wiggans 

character seems to be of recent origin, as it was not described by the 
early writers on this subject. Recently Kornicke (1885), Regel (1908), 
and Harlan (1918) have described this condition as characteristic of 
some varieties. Professor F. P. Bussell, of the Department of Plant 
Breeding at Cornell University, has recently produced a smooth-awned 
type from a cross between two varieties with barbed awns. This 
character, whenever found, seems to be constant and is of considerable 
importance in distinguishing varieties, and is so used in the present classifi- 
cation. In certain varieties the awns are only sparingly barbed or are 
barbed only for a part of their length. Usually the upper third is barbed 
in such cases, while in other varieties, particularly in the dense-headed 
types, the barbing is very profuse. Thus, considerable variation is found 
in the degree of barbing. These lesser variations have little taxonomic 
value, as they are usually associated with more important characters. 
They have never been used in previous classifications. In the present 
classification they are used in varietal description. 

A marked difference likewise occurs in both the deciduousness and the 
rigidity of the awns of different varieties. Some varieties, when mature, 
drop their awns very readily, and by threshing time the spikes are practi- 
cally bare of awns. Most varieties, however, hold their awns very 
securely, some being broken off with difficulty even by threshing. This 
second condition is usually associated with a very rigid, coarse awn. 
These differences can be used only in varietal descriptions. 

Some noticeable variations occur between varieties in the length and in 
the width of awns, but these are significant in varietal descriptions only 
when associated with other characters. 

In the awnless type, as the term signifies, the lemma ends either in a 
point or bluntly. The awnless lemmas are always found on the sterile 
side spikelets of the two-rowed barleys, and occasionally on the fertile 
side spikelets of the six-rowed. The awnless type was described by 
Kornicke (1885), and has been used since in describing certain types and 
often in differentiating large groups and even species. 

The third type of terminal appendage is found on what are known 
as hooded barleys. Here the normal awn is replaced by a trifurcate 
structure known as the hood. The morphological significance of this 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 407 

appendage is not fully understood, but it seems that there is a partial 
repetition of the spikelets of a node, the three parts of the appendage 
representing the lemmas of the three spikelets. These glume-like structures 
frequently bear rudimentary sexual organs, but are seldom if ever fertile. 
The origin of this type is unknown, but it dates well back in cultivated 
barleys, since it was described by both Schlibler (1818) and Seringe (1819). 
Since that time it has been used by all investigators along this line. The 
hooded condition usually appears on all fertile spikelets, but in certain 
six-rowed forms only the median spikelets are hooded. The only varia- 
tion of importance in the hooded types is that found in the location of 
the hood. Commonly this structure is sessile, but in certain varieties 
it is elevated on an awn to a greater or less extent. 

The three main types of barleys in regard to terminal appendage are 
of very great importance in the systematic grouping of cultivated barleys, 
both because of their constancy and because of the ease of determination. 
They are second only to fertility and adherence of the lemma and palea 
to the caryopsis, in the present classification. 

Number of nerves of lemma 

It is generally characteristic of the entire Hordeum genus to have five 
nerves in the lemma — one dorsal, and two lateral on either side, all of 
which are usually rather obscure. In cultivated varieties of barley, the 
number occasionally is increased from five to seven, and in some cases 
the nerves become very conspicuous. The latter variation is a matter 
of degree and can be used only in varietal descriptions. The increase 
in the number of nerves is, however, very definite and noticeable. For 
this reason it could be used in making more important divisions were it 
not for the fact that it occurs very infrequently. 

Neither the variation in the number of nerves nor that in their 
prominence has been used in previous classifications for the purpose 
of forming main divisions or in describing varieties. In the present 
classification these variations are employed in order to separate certain 
varieties in the larger groups. 

Barbing of lateral nerves of lemma 

The variation in the character of the two lateral nerves next to the 
dorsal nerve was first pointed out by Neergaard (1889). After careful 



408 



Roy Glen Wiggans 



study, he found that in certain varieties these nerves were toothed or 
barbed, while in other varieties they were perfectly smooth (fig. 62). 
This character proved to be constant and reliable. As a consequence it 
has been used widely in Sweden in recent years in differentiating certain 
varieties which were similar in all readily observable characters. Some 
workers following Neergaard, particularly Broili (1906), have held that 
this character was not constant, while others have supported Neergaard. 
As a consequence of this doubt as to the constancy of the character, it 
has not been used widely by recent investigators. In the present 

classification it is used to 
make rather important divi- 
sions of agricultural varieties, 
particularly of the two-rowed 
sorts. 

In employing this char- 
acter, it is necessary in many 
cases to use a hand lens in 
order to be sure of the pres- 
ence or the absence of the 
barbs. The character varies 
in a similar manner to the 




Fig. 62. 



VARIATION IN BARBING OF LATERAL NERVES 
OF LEMMA 



A, Smooth lateral nerves; B, barbed lateral nerves 



barbs on the awns. In some 
varieties the barbs extend 
along the lateral nerves 
nearly to the base of the kernel, while in other varieties there is a 
complete absence of barbs. Between these two conditions there are 
practically all degrees of barbing. This character, however, seems to be 
independent of the barbing of the awns, as some smooth-awned varieties 
have barbed lateral nerves and many varieties with barbed awns have 
smooth lateral nerves. 

Base of lemma 

The variation in the shape of the base of the lemma was first used to 
distinguish large groups of barleys by the Swedish investigators. They 
differentiated the erect compact forms from the nodding lax forms of two- 
rowed barleys by the character of the base. The first work on the Swedish 
system was begun by Atterberg (1889) and Bolin (1893). The narrow 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 409 



lax forms of the two-rowed barleys are characterized by a slight horseshoe- 
shaped depression at the base on the dorsal side of the kernel (fig. 63, 
A and B). (As reported by Atterberg and Bolin, this difference was for 
hulled varieties only.) Associated closely with this character is the type 
of basilar connection of the kernel to the rhachis. The attachment is 
reduced to a narrow band of tissue, which separates at maturity leaving 
a smooth surface. Contrasted with these two characters of the narrow 





Fig. 63. variation in shape of lemma base 

A, Dorsal view of lemma base of lax-headed barley, showing horseshoe-like depression; 
B, lateral view of same; C, dorsal view of lemma base of dense-headed barley, showing cross 
crease; D, lateral view of same 

lax forms, the dense erect forms have a base which is often pinched in 
appearance, with a transverse crease or furrow just above the point of 
attachment but with no horseshoe-like depression (fig. 63, C and D). 
The basilar connection associated with this type of lemma is broader, 
and when separated leaves a rougher surface than does the basilar 
connection of the lax forms. 

Although these characters have been used for differentiating only 
threshed two-rowed hulled types, they hold equally true for threshed six- 



410 Roy Glen Wiggans 

rowed hulled barleys and for hull-less types which are still in the spike. 
Their value in classification is somewhat limited because they are 
associated so closely with density. 

The outer glumes 

Each spikelet in barley, in common with practically all members 
of the grass family, is subtended by a pair of empty glumes, or bracts 
(fig. 60). These glumes in the case of barley are usually covered with 
fine hairs, are lanceolate in shape, and end either in awn points or in short 
awns. However, all three of these characters of the outer glumes vary. 

Occasionally varieties appear with expanded outer glumes which are 
almost ovate in shape. This ovate shape appears in a few varieties on 
all six of the outer glumes, in others on the outermost two, and in rarer 
cases on the middle spikelet only. The shape of the outer glumes was 
first used by Kornicke (1885) for the separation of varieties, but was not 
considered of very great importance. More recently Beaven (1902) and 
Harlan (1918) have given it more weight as a taxonomic character. 
Another variation in shape of the outer glumes, which has not been 
previously described so far as the present writer knows, is in the ter- 
minal appendage. In very rare cases, hoods appear instead of awns 
on the two outermost outer glumes. This variation has been found in only 
one variety, and at present it has no value in classification. 

Again, varietal differences occur in the length of awn on the outer 
glumes. This was first illustrated by Munro and Beaven (1900). In 
some cases the awns on the outer glumes are almost as long as the awns 
on the lemmas. This variation may occur on the outer glumes of the 
two lateral spikelets, on the median spikelets only, or in rare cases on 
all three spikelets of both the two-rowed and the six-rowed types. 

The difference in hairiness of the outer glumes is only in degree. 
In many varieties, the glumes are well covered with long, straight hairs, 
while in many' others the hairs are much shorter and not .nearly so 
abundant; in rare cases the glumes are practically glabrous. These 
variations, so far as observations have gone, are always associated with 
similar but more apparent characters of the rhachilla. 

All the variations in the characters of the outer glumes are of minor 
importance in classification, either because they occur so rarely or because 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 411 



they are closely associated with other structural characters. For these 
reasons they are used in the present' classification only in varietal 
descriptions. 

The rhachitta 

The rhachilla, which is often known as the basal bristle, is the prolongation 
of the primary axis of the spikelet beyond the last floret — in the case 
of barley the only floret. The entire structure of a barley spikelet is 
shown diagrammatically in figure 60. In perfectly sessile barleys the 
rhachilla is the only evidence of the primary axis of the spikelet. It is 
more or less hidden 
in the groove on the 
ventral side of the 
kernel, remaining 
undisturbed in the 
case of hulled bar- 
leys when the grain 
is threshed. The 
rhachilla presents 
one pair of differen- 
tiating characters 
which is of very 
great taxonomic 
value. In one group 
of varieties the rha- 
chilla is short and is 
abundantly covered with long, straight, hairs; while in another group it 
is almost twice as long and is covered sparingly with short, curly hairs, 
giving a woolly appearance to the whole structure. This difference is 
illustrated in figure 64. 

This pair of characters, like the variation in the character of the barbing 
on the lateral nerves, was discovered by the Swedish investigators. They 
have found the' variation in the rhachilla even more reliable and of greater 
value than the variation in the barbing of the lateral nerves, in the 
identification of barley varieties grown in Sweden. In the present classi- 
fication this pair of characters is employed in the separation of the lesser 
groups of varieties. 





A B 

Fig. 64. the rhachilla' 
A, Long-haired rhachilla; B, short-haired rhachilla' 



412 Roy Glen Wiggans 

Occasionally another variation occurs in the rhachilla, in that a rudi- 
mentary second floret is produced. This variation has been used occa- 
sionally in describing varieties, but, so far as the observations made in 
the present study go, it is of little or no value. It seems to be the result 
of either a sterile first floret or poor adaptation. Whenever it appears it 
is usually in connection with poorly developed heads, not as a 
characteristic of any variety or group of varieties. 

SUMMARY 

In order to eliminate possible confusion in regard to the characters 
used in the present classification and to gain some idea of their relative 
importance, the following brief summary of their use herein is given: 

To distinguish species and subspecies: 

1. Articulation of rhachis 

2. Fertility of lateral spikelets 

3. Presence of sexual organs in side spikelets 

4. Presence of terminal appendages on lemmas of side spikelets 
To distinguish the several varieties within large groups: 

1. Adherence of lemma and palea to caryopsis 

2. Variations in terminal appendage 

3. Color 

4. Density of spike as determined by 

a. Base of lemma, or flowering glume 

b. Length of rhachis internode 

c. Width of spike 

5. Character of rhachilla 

6. Presence or absence of barbs on awns 

7. Habit of early growth 

8. Presence or absence of barbs on lateral nerves of lemma 

To distinguish the subvarieties or strains within the more important varieties: 

1. Attitude of spike 

2. Date of emergence of awns and spikes 

3. Time of maturity 

4. Outer glumes 

5. Grain characters: 

a. Composition 

b. Size 

c. Shape 

6. Variations in size and color of foliage 

7. Culm characters: 

a. Length of last internode 

b. Total length of cuim 

c. Number of nodes 

8. Variation in articulate character of rhachis 

9. Branch-headed character 
10. Productivity 

Many of the last-named characters are influenced to such a degree by 
environment that they cannot be used alone to make differentiations, 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 413 



but when combined with other characters they may be employed in 
separating subvarieties. These characters are more valuable in varietal 
description than for any other purpose, and can be employed only for local 
identification. 

CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY FORMS 

The classification as given in the following pages is very largely of 
cultivated varieties, this being the main purpose of the study. Some 
unimportant varieties are included, however, in order to make the classifica- 
tion more nearly complete. It has likewise been considered better to 
construct the keys to groups and varieties in such a way that they may 
easily be expanded to include new introductions and new productions 
which are certain to arise. For this reason, and because of a lack of 
specimens possessing all the possible combinations of characters, the 
keys are left incomplete, some divisions failing to appear in certain instances. 

The cultivated species of barley (fig. 65), and the one wild species 
{Hordeum spontaneum, fig. 58) which is most closely related, may be 
distinguished according to the following key: 

PAGE 

A. Rhachis articulate Hordeum sponianeum. 415 

AA. Rhachis non-articulate. 
B. All spikelets fertile. 

C. Lemmas of all spikelets awned or hooded, kernels of all spikelets equal or 

nearly equal in size H. vulgare. 416 

CC. Lemmas of central spikelets awned or hooded, lemmas of lateral spikelets 
bearing neither awns nor hoods, kernels of lateral spikelets much reduced 

in size (x) H. intermedium 1 . 430 

BB. Only the central spikelets fertile. 

C. Lateral spikelets possessing nonfunctional rudimentary sexual organs 

H. distichon. 433 
CC. Lateral spikelets much reduced in structural parts and possessing no rudi- 
mentary sexual organs H. deficiens. 443 

The general relationship of the species may be graphically shown as 
follows: 



Family 


Genus 


Species 


Gramineae 


Hordeum 


spontaneum 
vulgare 
(x) intermedium 
distichon 
deficiens 



7 The (x) before H. intermedium indicates the hybrid origin of this species, also that it is not of equal rank 
with the other species. 




A B C D 

Fig. 65. four cultivated species op barley 
A, Hordeum deficient; B, H. distichon; C, H. intermedium; D, H. vulgar e 

414 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 415 

In the present classification the number of species of cultivated varieties 
is placed at four, one of which, H. deficiens, is at present of lesser agronomic 
importance than the others. These groups are given the species distinction 
largely because (1) all the best evidence seems to point to the very early 
origin and to the parallel development of these types; (2) the numerous 
distinct varieties are less confusing when placed in four rather than in 
one species; (3) most of the earlier investigators have used more than 
one species. It is evident, however, that these species are not so distinct 
as are many species of other plants, especially in the wild state, since in 
many cases interspecies crosses are impossible. In barley, the species 
as designated in the present classification readily cross. 

HORDEUM SPOXTANEUM 

Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch (fig. 58) differs from all the cultivated 
forms of barley by the articulation of the rhachis. At or near maturity 
the rhachis separates at each node but the segments remain attached 
at the upper end to the spikelets. The rhachises of cultivated barleys, on 
the other hand, do not readily disarticulate at maturity. If the spikelets 
are forced apart, they break loose from the rhachis and leave it entire. 
It seems that in the evolution of cultivated barleys the rhachis has become 
solidified into a single structure. 

The character of the brittle rhachis is found in several wild grasses, 
among the most interesting of which is the wild wheat of Palestine, the 
possible progenitor of cultivated wheats. This characteristic makes these 
grasses especially adapted for reseeding, and may account for the 
continued existence of these forms in nature. 

H. spontaneum has been known to botanists for many years, having 
been described by Post (1883), by Boissier (1884), and by Hochstetter 
(1848). By both Boissier and Post it was designated as Hordeum 
Ithaburense. It may be briefly described as follows: 

Leaves weak, linear, tapering at tip; spikes awned, flattened, two- 
ranked; rhachis brittle, plumose; lateral spikelets pointed, without awns, 
staminate, pedicillate; central spikelet awned, perfect, sessile; awns very 
long and excessively barbed; dorsal nerves of flowering glumes of lateral 
spikelets smooth; outer glumes of all spikelets very hairy, awned; awns 
H times as long as lateral florets; rhachilla long, covered with long, 
straight hairs; kernel long, slender. 



416 



Roy Glen Wiggans 



The only interest in this type from an economic standpoint lies in the 
possibility of its being the ancestor of some if not all of the cultivated 
barleys. 

HORDEUM VULGARE 

Hordeum vulgare L. (figs. 66 and 67), one large species of cultivated 
barleys, is differentiated from the wild species just described principally 




a b CD 

Fig. 66. varieties of hordeum vulgare 
A and B, Dense hulled forms; C, lax hulled; D, lax hull-less 

by the presence of a solidified rhachis, one which holds together at maturity 
and remains intact even though the kernels are broken off. Another 
important difference between the two is found in the fertility of the 
spikelets. In H. vulgare all three spikelets at each node of the rhachis 
are fertile, thus forming six rows of fertile spikelets instead of two. The 
species may be briefly described as follows : 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 417 

Spike erect and nodding, six- or four-ranked according to arrangement 
of spikelets: rhachis, or central axis of spike, made up of a number of 
short internodes which are solidified at the joints; spikelets arranged in 
groups of three at each joint in the rhachis, all equally fertile, all awned 
or hooded, all sessile or nearly so, awns usually barbed; lateral nerves 
of flowering glumes barbed or smooth; rhachilla hairy; grains of lateral 







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B C 

Fig. 07. varieties of hordeum vulgare 
A, Lax, hulled, awned; B, lax, hulled, hooded; C, lax, hull-less, awned; D, lax, hull-less, hooded 

spikelets equal or nearly equal in size to grains of central spikelets; grains 
varying in size and shape from long and slender to short and plump; 
grains either hulled or hull-less. 

H. vulgare includes practically all the important cultivated varieties 
of the six-rowed barleys. It is more important in the United States than 
any other species, although both intermedium and distichon are grown 



418 Roy Glen Wiggans 

rather extensively. Varieties of the vulgare type are found to do best 
in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska. The culture of 
this species is by no means limited to the United States; it is grown 
wherever barley is cultivated to any extent, and in European countries 
it ranks second only to distichon. 

Key to varieties of H. vulgare 8 
A. Kernels hulled. page 

B. Lemmas awned. 

C. Kernels white, blue, or purple. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.5 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 

H. Lateral rows of spikelets overlapping more at tip than at 
base of spike; kernels medium to small in size, under 
1 cm. in length; heads nodding; awns showing tendency 
toward deciduousness. 

I. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow 

Manchuria Selection 420 
II. Pigment present in aleurone layer, blue .... Featherston. 421 
HH. Lateral rows of spikelets overlapping the same from base 
to tip of spike; kernels long and coarse, usually 1 cm. 
or more in length; straw coarse and short under New 
York environment; awns stiff and harsh, having no 
tendency toward deciduousness. 

II. Pigment present in aleurone layer, blue Moroccan. 421 

GG. Winter habit of early growth. 

H. Lateral rows of spikelets overlapping more at tip than at 
base of spike; kernels medium to small in' size, under 
1 cm. in length; heads nodding; awns showing tendency 
toward deciduousness. 

II. Pigment present in aleurone layer, blue 

Mammoth Winter. 422 
EE. Rhachilla beset with short, fine hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 
G. Spring habit of early growth. 

H. Lateral rows of spikelets overlapping more at tip than at 
base of spike; kernels medium to small in size, under 
lcm. in length; heads nodding; awns showing tendency 
toward deciduousness. 

I. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow 

Manchuria-Oderbrucker. 422 
II. Pigment present in aleurone layer, blue . . . . O. A. C. 21. 423 



8 The naming of all groups and varieties conforms to the rules of varietal nomenclature adopted by the 
American Society of Agronomy at its annual meeting held November 12-13, 1917, and reported in the 
Journal of the society, volume 9, no. 9, 1917, with the exception of the cases in which numbers are used, 
both those given by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, United States Department of 
Agriculture (S. P. I), and the selection numbers employed by the author. It is considered better to use such 
numbers to denote specimens with a given group of characters until a variety of commercial importance 
with the same characters is found, rather than to fix peimanent names to the already existing non-important 
specimens. Appropriate varietal names may be readily fixed at any later date. 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 419 

PAGE 

HH. Lateral rows of spikelets overlapping the same from base 
to tip of spike; kernels long and coarse, usually 1 cm. 
in length; straw coarse and short under New York 
environment; awns stiff and harsh, having no tendency 
toward deciduousness. 
I. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow. .Mariout. 423 
II. Pigment present in aleurone layer, blue. . .Bay Brewing. 424 
GG. Winter habit of early growth. 

H. Lateral rows of spikelets overlapping more at tip than 
at base of spike ; kernels medium to small in size, under 
1 cm. in length; heads nodding; awns showing tendency 
toward deciduousness. 

I. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow 

Idaho Winter. 425 

II. Pigment present in aleurone layer, blue 

German Winter. 425 
DD. Spikes broad, dense, erect; internodes of rhachis short (1.5-2.8 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma cross-creased. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 

H. Outermost glumes of side spikelets very broad. 

I. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow 

Triumph. 425 
HH. All outer glumes the same size. 

I. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow; side 

spikelets sessile Utah Winter. 425 

II. Pigment present in aleurone layer, light blue; foliage 

dark green S. P. I. 41159. 426 

GG. Winter habit of early growth. 

H. Density 2.5 cm. or less to ten internodes of rhachis. 

I. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow 

Short Six-rowed Winter. 426 ■ 
EE. Rhachilla beset with short, fine hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 

H. Density 2.5 cm. or less to ten internodes of rhachis. 

I. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow. . Chilian. 426 
CC. Kernels black. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.5 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth Gatami. 426 

GG. Winter habit of early growth Black Winter. 426 

FF. Awns smooth. 

G. Spring habit of early growth Black Summer. 426 

BB. Lemmas hooded. 

C. Kernels white, blue, or purple. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.5 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachilla beset with short, straight hairs. 
F. Spring habit of early growth. 

G. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow Success. 427 



420 Roy Glen Wiggans 

PAGE 

DD. Spike broad, dense, erect; internodes of rhachis short (1.5-2.8 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma cross-creased. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Spring habit of early growth. 

G. No pigment present in aleurone layer, white or yellow ... 

Selection 259. 9 427 
AA. Kernels hull-less. 
B. Lemmas awned. 

C. Kernels white, blue, or purple. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.5 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 

H. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow. 

I. Lateral nerves smooth Coeleste. 427 

II. Lateral nerves barbed Hansee Hulless. 427 

HH. Pigment present only in aleurone layer, blue 

Guy Mayle. 428 
HHH. Pigment present in aleurone and pericarp layers, purple . . . 

Black Hulless. 428 
EE. Rhachilla beset with short, fine hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 

H. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow. 

I. Awns 10 cm. or more in length Italian Hulless. 428 

II. Awns 5 cm. or less in length S. P. I. 41156. 429 

DD. Spike broad, dense, erect; internodes of rhachis short (1.5-2.8 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma cross-creased. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of growth. 
HH. Pigment present in aleurone layer, blue. . . .S. P. I. 41157. 429 
BB. Lemmas hooded. 

C. Kernels white, blue, or purple. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.5 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachillas beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Spring habit of growth. 

G. No pigment present in aleurone layer, white or yellow 

White Hulless. 429 
CC. Kernels black. 

DD. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachis short (1.5-2.8 cm. 
to ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachillas beset with long, straight hairs. 

F. Spring habit of growth Selection 30S. 430 

Descriptions of varieties 
Manchuria Selection. — Foliage medium green; culms strong, average 
in size and length; erect in early habit of growth; spikes well out of 

9 Selection numbers as used in this and the following keys are either applied to selections made from 
mixed specimens or to unnamed specimens which are of no commercial value at present. 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 421 

last leaf sheath at maturity; medium to early in maturity; length of ten 
internodes of rhachis, 3.0-4.5 cm.; spikes nodding; angle of inclination 
of kernel with rhachis, small; lateral rows of spikelets overlapping more 
at tip than at base of spike; grain short and usually plump, white or 
yellow in color, hulled, awned; awns showing only slight tendency toward 
deciduousness; lemma barbed, base with horseshoe-like depression; 
rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

The following key separates the subvarieties of the variety Manchuria 
Selection: 

A. Early in maturity; awns medium strong, with slight tendency toward deciduousness; 
spikes usually nodding more than 90°; straw strong. 

B. Rhachis solidified Manchuria Selection. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: Australian Early, 
Bernards, Black Two-rowed, Ouchac.) 
BB. Rhachis somewhat brittle when kernels are broken apart. 

C. Foliage medium green Norwegian I. 

(An additional specimen found under the name Norwegian Bjorneleyg.) 

CC. Foliage light green Australian Early. 

AA. Medium in maturity; awns weak, with strong tendency toward deciduousness; spikes 

usually nodding less than 90° French Early. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: French Gerste aus 
Denmark, Long-grained Winter.) 

Featherston. — The variety Featherston is distinguished from Manchuria 
Selection by possessing light pigment in the aleurone layer, which gives 
a light blue color to the kernels. Otherwise the two varieties are very 
similar. 

The following key separates the subvarieties of the variety Featherston: 

A. Very early in maturity; culms very short; spike and awns short S. P. I. 18922^ 

AA. Medium to early in maturity; culms, spikes, and awns medium in length. 

B. Spikes erect or nearly erect, culms long Australian Winter. 

BB. Spikes nodding; culms medium in length. 

C. Spikes long and very nodding; rhachis solidified Featherston. 

CC. Spikes medium in length and slightly nodding; rhachis slightly brittle 

Gerste aus Morocco. 
(An additional specimen found under the name Mezoeijes Handgerste aus Ungarn.) 

Moroccan. — Foliage medium green; culms coarse and short under 
New York conditions; erect in early habit of growth; spikes well out 
of sheath of last leaf at maturity; medium to early in maturity; spikes 
lax, length of ten internodes of rhachis 3.0-4.5 cm.; angle of inclination 
of kernel with rhachis, small; lateral rows of spikelets overlapping the 
same from tip to base; grain long and coarse, over 1 cm. in length, light 
blue in color, hulled, awned; awns stiff and harsh, having no tendency 



422 Roy G^en Wiggans 

toward deciduousness; lemma barbed, base showing horseshoe-like 
depression; rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs; very poorly adapted 
to New York environment. 

The following key separates the subvarieties of the variety Moroccan : 

A. Very early in maturity; culms and spikes very short. 
B. Heads erect or inclining only slightly. 

C. Density of spike less than 3.4 cm. to ten internodes of rhachis Marwar. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: S. P. I. 41160, S. P. I. 
41161, S. P. I. 41158.) 

CC. Density of spike more than 3.4 cm. to ten internodes of rhachis Guzerat. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: Australian Imperial, 
India Cawnpur, India Punjake, Indian Sind.) 
BB. Heads nodding. 

C. Outer glumes short-awned, total length of awn and glume two to three times 

that of lemma Cawnpur. 

CC. Outer glumes awn-pointed, total length of awn and glumes scarcely more than 

length of lemma Gaza. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: Beldi, Canary Island, 
Tripolitan.) 
AA. Medium in maturity; culms and spikes medium to short. 

B. Outer glumes short-awned, total length of awn and glume more than twice that 

of lemma Marwar. 

(An additional specimen found under the name Manchuria.) 
BB. Outer glumes awn-pointed, total length of awn and glume scarcely more than length 

of lemma Moroccan. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: Algeria, German Hanna, 
Spanish Sierra Yiqua, Tunisian.) 

Mammoth Winter. — Foliage medium green; culms medium to long; 
winter habit of early growth; early-maturing when compared with spring- 
barleys; spike nodding and lax, 2.8^1.0 cm. to ten internodes; lateral 
rows of spikelets overlapping almost completely at tip of spike; kernels 
slightly pigmented, medium in size, plump; lemma awned, horseshoe-shaped 
at base; outer glumes extending slightly beyond kernel; rhachilla beset 
with long, straight hairs. 

Additional specimens were found under the following names: Ecken- 
dorfer Mammoth Wintergerste, Friedrichswerther Mammoth Wintergerste, 
Klein Wanzlehener Wintergerste, Wustermarsch Wintergerste. 

Manchuria-Oderbrucker (Plate XXXIV, 1). — The variety Manchuria- 
Oderbrucker is distinguished from Manchuria Selection by the character 
of the rhachilla, which is beset with short, fine hairs more or less recurved 
at the tip, thus presenting a woolly appearance. Also, the rhachilla is 
usually from 30 to 60 per cent longer. This variety presents more sub- 
varieties than does Manchuria Selection, as is seen by the accompanying 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 423 

key. Manchuria-Oderbrucker is by far the most important variety of 
barleys in the United States. It is the leading variety in the large 
barley-growing section comprising Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Iowa, 
and Illinois. 

The following key separates the subvarieties of the variety Manchuria- 
Oderbrucker : 

A. Outer glumes awn-pointed, scarcely extending beyond lemma Odessa. 

AA. Outer glumes short-awned, extending to two or more times the length of lemma. 

B. Lateral nerves not barbed; awns deciduous or nearly so; foliage light green 

Gerste aus Norwegen. 
BB. Lateral nerves barbed; awns slightly deciduous; foliage medium green. 

C. Early in maturity; culms short Norwegian II. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: French Early, 
Norwegian Bamsleyg, Norwegian Bjorneleyg.) 

CC. Medium in maturity and in length of culms Manchuria-Oderbrucker. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: Australian Winter, 
California Portuguese, Canada, Canadian Fancy, Eagle, Featherston 
Selections, French Early, Gerste aus Ajaccio, Gerste aus Lulea, Idaho 
Callow, Kleine Warthebruch, Manchuria, Manchurian, Manchuria 
Selections, Manchury, Minnesota 6, Oderbrucker, Red River, Red's 
Triumph, Rumanian Autumn, Schlesische Zeilgerste, Siberian, Swedish 
Six-rowed, Swiss Spring, Turkish Albanian, Wisconsin 5, Wisconsin 6, 
Wisconsin Pedigree.) 

CCC. Late in maturity; medium to long culms Roumanian Spring. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: Heavy Moldavian, 
Odessa, Roumanian Autumn, Silver King.) 

0. A.C. 21 (Plate XXXIV, 2).— The variety O. A. C. 21 differs from 
Manchuria-Oderbrucker only by possessing pigment in the aleurone layer, 
which gives the grain a light blue color. Some variation exists between 
the subvarieties within this variety, as is shown by the following key: 

A. Lateral nerves smooth or with very few barbs. 

B. Awns with strong tendency toward deciduousness South African Cape Early. 

(An additional specimen fv^und under the name Russian Livonian.) 

BB. Awns without tendency toward deciduousness Gerste aus der Mandschursi. 

(An additional specimen found under the name Manchury.) 
AA. Lateral nerves barbed. 

B. Early in maturity S. P. I. 40648. 

(An additional specimen found under the name S. P. I. 40649.) 

BB. Medium in maturity 0. A. C. 21. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: Blue Ribbon, Brachyura 
Kurze Sechszeilige Gerste, Canada, Canadian 21, Canadian Western, Common, 
Featherston 507, Gerste aus Dalekartien, Gerste aus Japan, Heines Vierzeilige 
Gerste, Imp. Manchuria, Indian Sind, Oderbrucker, Odessa, Silver King, South 
Russian, S. P. I. 40645.) 

BB. Late in maturity South Russian. 

(An additional specimen found under the name Gerste aus Cypern.) 

Mariout. — Foliage dark green; culms short and small; erect in early 
growth; early in maturity; spike erect or nearly so, rather dense; grain 



424 Roy Glen Wiggans 

large and long, without pigment; lemma awned; awns very stiff and 
harsh; five nerves of lemma conspicuous, lateral nerves barbed; base 
of lemma with horseshoe-like depression; outer glumes short, narrow, 
awn-pointed; rhachilla sparingly beset with rather short, straight hairs. 
The following key separates the subvarieties of the variety Mariout: 

A. Outer glumes short, awn-pointed, scarcely extending beyond lemma; length of ten 

internodes 2.9-3.1 cm.; awns very stiff and harsh Mariout. 

AA. Outer glumes short-awned, length of awn and glume more than twice that of lemma; 
length of ten internodes 3.4-3.9 cm. 

B. Medium in maturity Yerli. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: Sandrel, Smyrna, 
Sr-iyrna Yerli, Turkish (Rhodes to Sea of Marmora), Turkish Alasheir, 
Wisconsin Winter.) 
BB. Late in maturity C. I. 519. 

Bay Brewing (Plate XXXIV, 3). — Foliage varying from light to dark 
green in different subvarieties; culms rather coarse and short in New 
York environment; erect in early growth; heads fully emerged at 
maturity from sheath of last leaf; medium to late in maturity; spikes 
lax but not nodding as much as in Manchuria-Oderbrucker; lateral rows 
of spikelets overlapping the same from base to tip of spike; grain long 
and coarse, usually over 1 cm. in length; pigment in aleurone layer; 
grain hulled, awned, awns stiff, harsh, barbed, usually having no 
tendency toward deciduousness; nerves of lemma barbed; base of 
lemma with horseshoe-like depression; rhachilla beset with short, fine 
hairs, usually more or less recurved at tip. 

This variety is second among all the varieties of H. vulgar -e in economic 
importance, although it is not adapted to New York conditions. It is 
particularly well adapted to the Pacific Coast States, where it is grown 
extensively. 

The following key separates the subvarieties of the variety Bay Brewing: 

A. Foliage medium to dark green; medium to late in maturity; leaves medium in length 
and width; erect in early growth. 
B. Outer glumes awn-pointed, length of awn and glume about the same as lemma. 

C. Medium in maturity Bay Brewing. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: Australian Loosdorfer 
(Early), Austrian, Algerian, Beldi, Blue Virginia, Cal fornian, California 
Moravian, California Portuguese, California Prolific, Chili, Grecian, Guate- 
malan Tontonicipan, Maltese Island, Moroccan, Ouchac, Peru, Poda, South 
African Cape Early, South African Six-rowed, Swiss, Tunisian.) 

CC. Late in maturity Chilian Brewing. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: Australian, Australian 
Prosowetz, Cape.) 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 425 

BB. Outer glumes short-awned, length of awn and glume two or more times length 

of lemma Telli. 

(Additional specimens found under the"folIowing names: Featherston, Grecian 
Hordeum sp., Montana, Tenkan, Turkish Smyrna Lowland.) 
AA. Foliage light green; very late in maturity; leaves long and very broad, giving a leafy 
appearance ; somewhat spreading in early growth. 

B. Strong tendency toward brittle rhachis Netherlans. 

BB. Solidified rhachis Swiss. 

Idaho Winter. — Characterized by winter habit of early growth, early 
maturity, short-haired rhachilla, barbed awns, rather long spikes, lateral 
rows of spikelets overlapping almost completely at tip of spike, and 
nonpigmented grain. 

The following key separates the subvarieties of the variety Idaho Winter: 

A. Outer glumes awn-pointed, length of awn and glume from one to two times that of 
lemma. 

B. Foliage medium green; outer glumes extending beyond lemma Groninger. 

BB. Foliage light green; outer glumes about same length as lemma Idaho Winter. 

AA. Outer glumes short-awned, total length of awn and glume about three times that' of 
lemma Alashier. 

German Winter. — Distinguished from Idaho Winter by having kernels 
with pigment in the aleurone; otherwise the same. 

Triumph. — Foliage light green; culms medium to long; erect in early 
growth; late in maturity; average density 2.4-2. G cm. to ten internodes; 
spikes long, somewhat nodding; grain nonpigmented, short; lemma 
awned; awns barbed, showing strong tendency toward deciduousness; 
nerves of lemma barbed; base of lemma showing cross crease; lateral 
spikelets somewhat pedicellate; two outer glumes of side spikelets farthest 
from median spikelet very broad, about one-half width of lemma; rhachilla 
beset with long, straight hairs. 

Utah Winter (Plate XXXIV, 4) . — Distinguished from Triumph by 
having all outer glumes the same size, darker green foliage, shorter, denser 
spikes (average density 1.8-2.2 cm. to ten internodes), earlier maturity, 
nondeciduous awns, and sessile side spikelets. Representatives of the 
Utah Winter variety do not behave as do winter barleys in New York 
environment. 

The following key separates the subvarieties of the variety Utah 
Winter : 

A. Foliage very dark green; late in maturity; outer glumes narrow and short-awned, total 

length of awn and outer glume about twice that of lemma; awns nearly parallel 

Utah Winter. 
(An additional specimen found under the name Californian.) 



426 Roy Glen Wiggans 

AA. Foliage medium green; medium to early in maturity; outer glumes broad and short- 
awned, total length of awn and outer glume about three times that of lemma; awns 
spreading. 

B. Very early in maturity; culms short ■ . Ogara. 

BB. Early to medium in maturity; culms very short ; . . Hitakawa. 

(An additional specimen found under the name Chilian.) 

S. P. I. 41159. — Distinguished from Utah Winter by having a pigmented 
aleurone layer and pedicellate side spikelets. 

Short Six-rowed Winter (Plate XXXIV. 5). — Foliage medium green; 
culms medium to long; winter habit of growth; early in maturity when 
seeded in fall, but very late when seeded in spring; spike dense, 2.2 cm. 
to ten internodes, and erect; angle of inclination of grain with rhachis 
large; grain rather large and somewhat coarse; lemma thick, awned, 
cross-creased at base; awns barbed, spreading, rather stiff; rhachilla 
beset with long, straight hairs. 

Chilian — Distinguished from Utah Winter by having grain with a 
pigmented aleurone layer, and short, fine-haired rhachilla. 

An additional specimen was found under the name Japanese Hitakawa. 

Gatami (Plate XXXIV, 6). — Foliage light green; culms medium to 
short, fine, rather weak; erect in early growth; spikes well out of sheath 
of last leaf at maturity; medium in maturity; spikes lax, 3.4-3.6 cm, to 
ten internodes, nodding; grain small, dark gray in color, black pigment 
sometimes absent from base of lemma; lemma adhering closely to 
caryopsis, awned; awns barbed, medium to long, stiff; five nerves of 
lemma conspicuous ; lateral nerves barbed ; base of lemma with horseshoe- 
like depression ; outer glumes narrow, awn-pointed ; rhachilla beset with 
long, straight hairs. 

Black Winter. — Foliage medium green; culms long, strong; winter 
habit of early growth, scarcely maturing any seed when sown in the spring; 
early in maturity when fall-sown but late when spring-sown; spikes 
lax, 3.5-3.8 cm. to ten internodes, nodding, very long; rows of side spikelets 
overlapping almost completely at tip of spike; grain long, black, more 
or less glaucous; lemma adhering closely to caryopsis; five nerves of 
lemma scarcely distinguishable; lateral nerves barbed; base of kernel 
with horseshoe-like depression; outer glumes narrow, awn-pointed; 
rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

Black Summer (Plate XXXV, 7). — Foliage light green; culms medium 
to short, fine, rather weak; spikes well out of sheath of last leaf at 
maturity; medium to late in maturity; spikes lax, 3.4-3.6 cm. to ten 






Memoir 46 



Plate XXXIV 



I 





•r.-A 




\\ ■// 







* 



5 




N 






VARIETIES OF HORDEUM VULGARE 

1, Manchuria-Oderbrucker; 2, O. A. C. 21; 3, Bay Brewing; 4, Utah Winter; 5, Short Six- 
rowed Winter; 6, Gatami 



Memoir 46 



Plate XXXV 





9 




■ 



O 



i 




1 1 




VARIETIES OF HORDEUM VtJLGARE 
7, Black Summer; 8, Success; 9, Coeleste; 10, Hansee Hulless: II, Guv Mayle 



Memoir 46 



Plate XXXVI 








17 








W 



VARIETIES OF HORDEUM VULGARE, H. INTERMEDIUM, AND H. DISTICHON 

H. mdgare: 12, Black Hulless; 13, White Hulless 

H. intermedium : 14, Arlington Awnless; 15, S. P. I. 40326 



H. distichon: 16, Hanna; 17, Chevalier 



Memoir 46 



Plate XXXVII 




VARIETIES OF HORDEUM DISTICHON 



18, Manchury x Vermont Champion; 19, Goldthorpe; 20, Anatolian Black; 21, Black Two- 
rowed; 22, Naked Spring; 23, Selection 607 



Memoir 46 



Plate XXXVIII 




2-4- 







26 







r- 





Z7 





28 



'o 



VARIETIES OF HORDEUM DEFICIENS 
24, Russian Courland; 25, Selection 621; 26, S. P. I. 41155; 27, Selection 626; 28, Nepal Hulless 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 427 

internodes of rhachis, nodding; grain black, more or less glaucous, small, 
lemma awned; awns barbed, medium to long, stiff; lateral nerves barbed; 
outer glumes narrow, awn-pointed ; rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

Additional specimens of this variety, all of which were very similar in 
character, were found under the following names: Asstivum Schwarze 
Sommergerste, Leiorrhynchum (Kcke.), Nigrum Schwarze Sommergerste. 

Success (Plate XXXV, 8) . — Foliage medium green ; culms medium to 
long; erect in early growth; early in maturity; spikes lax; length of ten 
internodes of rhachis 3.6-3.8 cm., nodding to an angle of 45° to 100°; 
grain 1 cm. or more in length, yellow, hulled and hooded, hood usually 
a short distance from end of grain; lemma with five rather conspicuous 
nerves; lateral nerves barbed; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depres- 
sion; outer glumes narrow, awn-pointed, total length about same as 
grain; rhachilla long narrow, sparsely covered with short hairs. 

The following key separates the subvarieties of the variety Success: 

A. Plants very early in maturing; culms short; heads nodding only slightly; foliage dark 

green Success. 

AA. Plants early to medium in maturing; culms medium in length ; heads nodding; foliage 

medium green Virginia Hooded. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: Beardless, Success Beard- 
less, Virginia Selection 64.) 

Selection 259. — Distinguished from Success by having very short, dense 
spikes (1.7-1.9 cm. to ten internodes of the rhachis), long, straight hairs, 
a spike which never emerges completely from the sheath of the last leaf, 
and late maturity. Original specimen unnamed. 

Coeleste (Plate XXXV, 9). — Leaves dark green, abundant, rather broad; 
culms medium in height and diameter, straight, strong; erect in early 
growth; last internode of culm long; medium early in maturity; spike 
lax, length of ten internodes of rhachis 3.3-3.5 cm., nodding to an angle 
of over 90°; grain broad, 0.75-0.9 cm. long, very starchy, white; lemma 
free from caryopsis, bearded ; beards long, broad, lax, barbed; lemma with 
horseshoe-like depression ; outer glumes narrow, short-awned, total length 
twice that of grain ; rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

Additional specimens of this variety were found under the following 
names: Coerulescens Ser., Naked Barley, Naked Spring. 

Hansee Hulless (Plate XXXV, 10).— Foliage medium green, abundant 
in early growth; culms medium in size and length, with a tendency 
toward lodging; spike scarcely out of sheath of last leaf at maturity; 



428 Roy Glen Wiggans 

semi-winter in early habit of growth; somewhat earlier in maturing than 
Coeleste; spikes lax, 2.8-3.0 cm. to ten internodes of rhachis, nodding: 
grain white, short (0.65-0.75 cm.), broad in proportion to length; lemma 
free from caryopsis, awned; awns medium in length, rather stiff, barbed; 
lemma with five rather inconspicuous nerves; lateral nerves barbed; outer 
glumes narrow, short, awn-pointed, total length of glume and awn point 
slightly greater than length of glumes; rhachilla beset with long, straight 
hairs. 

Additional specimens of this variety were found under the following 
names: C. I. 703, Sangatsuka. 

Guy Mayle (Plate XXXV, 11). — -Foliage light green; culms medium 
to short, weak, showing tendency toward lodging; erect in early growth; 
spikes entirely emerged from sheath of last leaf; very early in maturing, 
the earliest of all the hull-less types; spike lax, 3.2-3.5 cm. to ten internodes 
of rhachis, nodding to an angle greater than 90°; grain blue, pigment 
present in aleurone layer, 0.75-0.85 cm. long; lemma free from caryopsis, 
awned; awns barbed, rather broad, stiff; lemma with horseshoe-like 
depression; outer glumes narrow, short-awned, total length about twice 
that of lemma; rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

Additional specimens of this variety were found under the name Blue 
Hulless. 

Black Hulless (Plate XXXVI, 12). — Foliage medium green; culms 
medium in length and diameter, with a tendency toward lodging; spikes 
well out of sheath of last leaf at maturity; erect in early habit of growth; 
early in maturing; spikes lax, 3.4-3.7 cm. to ten internodes of rhachis, 
nodding to an angle of 60° to 90°; grain purple, color usually developed 
to the greatest extent on dorsal side near tip; grain short (0.7 cm. or less), 
broad in proportion to its length; lemma free from caryopsis, awned; 
awns straight, parallel, barbed, rather coarse; five nerves of lemma incon- 
spicuous; lateral nerves barbed; lemma usually showing some color 
development along dorsal nerve; base of lemma with horseshoe-likr 
depression; outer glumes narrow, short-awned, total length about twice 
that of lemma; rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

Additional specimens of this variety were found under the following 
names: Blaue Excelsior, Blaue Nackte Gerste, Virginia Black Hulless, 
Violaceum. 

Italian Hulless. — Foliage medium green ; culms medium to short, large 
in diameter; erect in early growth; spikes well out of sheath of last leaf 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 429 

at maturity; medium to early in maturity; spikes very lax, 4.2-4A cm. 
to ten internodes of rhachis; angle of inclination of kernel with rhachis, 
very small; grain white, long (0.8-1.0 cm.), narrow; lemma free from 
caryopsis, awnecl; awns 10 cm. or more long, barbed, rather stiff; five 
nerves of lemma rather conspicuous, lateral nerves barbed; base of lemma 
with horseshoe-like depression; outer glumes short, narrow, awns pointed, 
total length about same as that of lemma; rhachilla sparingly beset with 
short, recurved hairs. 

S. P. I. If.1156. — Foliage dark green; culms medium to short; semi- 
winter in early growth; late in maturity; spikes lax (3.0-3.4 cm. to ten 
internodes of rhachis), but usually erect; grain yellow, short (0.6-0.7 
cm.), broad in proportion to its length; lemma free from caryopsis, awned; 
awns less than '5 cm. long, narrow, barbed, stiff; five nerves of lemma 
rather conspicuous, lateral nerves barbed; outer glumes narrow, short, 
awn-pointed, total length about the same as that of lemma; rhachilla 
beset with short, recurved hairs. 

S. P. I. If.1157. — Foliage medium green; culms medium to short; 
erect in early habit of growth; spikes well out of sheath of last leaf at 
maturity; medium to early in maturity; spikes erect or only slightly 
nodding, dense (2.2-2.4 cm. to ten internodes of spikelet); grain blue, 
pigment present in aleurone layer; grain 0.7 cm. or less in length, more 
than half as broad as long; lemma free from caryopsis, awned; awns 
barbed; base of lemma cross-creased; outer glumes narrow, awn-pointed, 
total length about one and one-half times that of lemma; rhachilla beset 
with long, straight hairs. 

White Hulless (Plate XXXVI, 13). — Foliage dark green, broad; culms 
large, coarse, medium to tall; somewhat spreading in early growth, but 
inclined to lodge easily; spikes scarcely emerging from sheath of last leaf, 
occasionally emerging from side of sheath; medium in maturity; length 
of 10 internodes of spike over 3.0 cm.; spikes nodding from 10° to 90°; 
grain white to yellow, 0.7-0.8 cm. in length, about half as broad as long; 
lemma free from caryopsis, hooded, hoods set close to end of kernel ; five 
nerves of lemma rather conspicuous, lateral nerves barbed ; base of lemma 
possessing horseshoe-like depression; outer glumes narrow, awn-pointed, 
total length about the same as that of lemma; rhachilla beset with long, 
straight hairs. 

Additional specimens of this variety were found under the following 
names: C. I. 595, Hulless, Nepal. 



430 Roy Glen Wiggans 

Selection 808. — Foliage medium green; culms rather short, coarse; 
erect in early habit of growth; spikes emerging from side of leaf sheath, 
late in maturity; spikes very dense and erect; grain black, long, narrow; 
lemma black, free from caryopsis, hooded; five nerves of lemma con- 
spicuous, lateral nerves barbed; base of lemma cross-creased; rhachilla 
beset with long, straight hairs. Original specimen unnamed. 

HORDEUM INTERMEDIUM 

Hordeum intermedium (fig. 68) is similar to H. vulgare in most characters. 
It may be briefly described as follows: 

Nodes of rhachis solidified; spikes nodding and lax in most cases; 
spikelets arranged in groups of three at each node of rhachis, all sessile, 
all fertile, median spikelet awned (fig. 51, C, and D, and fig. 68) or hooded 
(fig. 69), lateral spikelets neither awned nor hooded; grain of lateral 
spikelets one-half to two-thirds as large as grain of median spikelets; 
grain varying in color and in adherence of lemma to caryopsis. 




ABC 

'FiG. 68. TYPES OF HORDEUM INTERMEDIUM 

A, Arlington Awnless; B, South African Nepal Hulless; C, S. P. I. 40326 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 431 




Fig. 69. comparison of spikelets at one node of rhachis of hull-less type of hordeum 
vulgare and of h. intermedium 

Above, Dorsal and ventral views of H. vulgare; below, dorsal and ventral views of 

H. intermedium 



432 Roy Glen Wiggans 

This species is of limited importance, from an economic standpoint, 
both in the United States and in Europe. One variety, Arlington Awnless, 
is of some importance along the southern border of the barley-producing 
section of the United States. 

The varieties belonging to this species are probably of hybrid origin 
for the most part, and have been in existence for only a short time. As 
an illustration, Derr (1911) gives an account of the hybrid origin of 
Arlington Awnless. 

Key to varieties of H. intermedium 
A. Kernels hulled. page 

B. Lemmas of central spikelets awned. 
C. Kernels white, blue, or purple. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachjs long (3.0-4.5 cm. 
to ten internodes); base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Awns short, barbed. 

G. Semi-winter habit of early growth. 

HH. Pigment present in aleurone layer, light blue 

Arlington Awnless. 432 
CC. Kernels blacki 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.5 cm. 
to ten internodes); base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Awn short, barbed. 

G. Semi-winter habit of early growth S. P. I. 40326. 433 

AA. Kernels hull-less. 

BB. Lemmas of central spikelets hooded. 
C. Kernels white, blue, or purple. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.5 cm. 
to ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Spring habit of early growth. 

G. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow 

Nepal Hulless. 433 

Descriptions of varieties 

Arlington Awnless (Plate XXXVI, 14). — Foliage medium green; culms 
medium to short, small in diameter; semi-winter in early habit of growth; 
spikes only slightly emerged from sheath of last leaf; medium in maturity; 
spikes lax (3.0-3.4 cm. to ten internodes), nodding only slightly; grain 
light blue, pigment present in aleurone layer; grain of median spikelet 
medium to small in size, grain of side spikelets only slightly more than 
half the size of that of median spikelet; lemma adhering closely to 
caryopsis, lemma of median spikelet short-awned (never more than 4.5 
cm.), lemmas of side spikelets blunt; five nerves of lemma inconspicuous, 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 433 

lateral nerves barbed; base of lemma horseshoe-shaped; outer glumes 
narrow, awn-pointed; rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

Specimens of this variety found under the following names: C. I. 702, 
Cornell Selection 1, Cornell Selection 8, Cornell Selection 9. 

S.P. I. 40336 (Plate XXXVI, 15).— The variety S. P. I. 40326, which is 
probably a selection from the original cross that produced Arlington 
Awnless. differs from the latter by possessing black-colored grains. 

Nepal Hulless (Plate XXXVIII, 28). — Foliage medium green; culms 
short but rather large in diameter; erect in early growth, stooling very 
little; medium in maturity, maturing just ahead of Arlington Awnless; 
spikes lax. 3.0-4.0 cm. to ten internodes of rhachis, nodding, short; grain 
white; grain of median spikelet medium to small, grain of side spikelets 
about two-thirds as large as grain of median spikelet; lemma free from 
caryopsis, lemma of median spikelet hooded, lemmas of side spikelets blunt 
to awn-pointed, point never more than 1 cm. long; five nerves of lemma 
inconspicuous, lateral nerves barbed; outer glumes narrow, awn-pointed; 
rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

HORDEUM DISTICHON 

Horcleum distichon is distinguished from H. vulgare and H. intermedium 
in the character of fertility. H. distichon, like H. spontaneum, has only 
the central spikelet of the three spikelets at each node of the rhachis 
ferl ile, while H. vulgare and H. intermedium have all three spikelets fertile. 
The lateral spikelets of H. distichon, although infertile, have all the floral 
organs, including outer glumes, lemma, palea, and rudimentary sexual 
organs. The same variations in density of spikes (fig. 70), terminal 
appendages (fig. 71), rhachillas, size, shape, and color of kernels, barbing 
of lateral nerves, color of lemmas, and adherence of flowering glume 
(fig. 71), are found in this species as are found in H. vulgare, and for 
this reason a detailed description of these variations need not be 
given here. 

H. distichon is of equal importance economically with H. vulgare, although 
it is not grown as extensively in the United States. It is the leading 
barley for malting purposes in European countries. The extensive 
production of varieties of this species in the United States is limited to 
North Dakota and South Dakota, but it is grown, to some extent over 
the entire barley-producing region. 



434 



Roy Glen Wiggans 




a b c 

Fig. 70. three stages of density in horde vm distichon 
A, Fan Barley; B, Goldthorpe; C, Chevalier 



Key to varieties of H. distichon 

A. Kernels hulled. page 

B. Lemmas awned. 

C. Kernels white, blue, or purple. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.1 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Awns barbed from base to tip. 
G. Spring habit of early growth. 

H. Lateral nerves smooth Hanna. 436 

HH. Lateral nerves barbed. 

I. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow 

Vermont Champion. 438 

II. Pigment present in aleurone layer, dark blue 

Turkish Smyrna. 438 
FF. Awns smooth at base for greater or less distance. 
G. Spring habit of early growth. 

H. Lateral nerves smooth Smyrna. 438 

EE. Rhachilla beset with short, more or less recurved hairs. 
F. Awns barbed from base to tip. 
G. Spring habit of early growth. 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 435 

PAGE 

H. Lateral nerves smooth. 

I. Spike unbranched Chevalier. 439 

II. Spike branched Wessling. 439 

HH. Lateral nerves barbed. 

I. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow 

Manchury x Vermont Champion. 440 

II. Pigment present in aleurone layer, dark blue 

Turkish Syrian. 440 
FF. Awns smooth at base for greater or less distance. 
G. Spring habit of early growth. 
HH. Lateral nerves barbed. 

I. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow 

Syrian. 440 
DD. Spike broad, compact, usually nearly erect: internodes of rhachis short 
(2.3-3.0 cm. to ten internodes) ; base of lemma cross-creased. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 

H. Lateral nerves smooth; density greater than 2.2 cm. to 
ten internodes of rhachis; spike of uniform width from 

base to tip Goldthorpe. 440 

HH. Lateral nerves barbed; density less than 2.2 cm. to ten 
internodes of rhachis; spikes broader at base than at 

tip, fan-shaped Fan Barley. 441 

EE. Rhachilla beset with short, more or less recurved hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 

H. Lateral nerves smooth; density greater than 2 cm. to ten 

internodes of rhachis Primus. 441 

CC. Kernels black or containing black pigment. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.1 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 

HH. Lateral nerves barbed Anatolian Black. 442 

EE. Rhachilla beset with short, more or less recurved hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 

H. Lateral nerves smooth Black Two-rowed. 442 

BB. Lemmas hooded. 

CC. Kernels black or containing black pigment. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.1 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
EE. Rhachilla beset with short, more or less recurved hairs. 
F. Spring habit of early growth. 

G. Lateral nerves barbed Ingrescens. 442 

AA. Kernels hull-less. 
B. Lemmas awned. 

C. Kernels white, blue, or purple. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.1 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 



436 Roy Glen Wiggans 

PAGE 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 
HH. Lateral nerves barbed. 

I. No pigment in aleurone layer, white. . . . .Naked Spring. 443 

II. Pigment present in pericarp layer, purple 

S. P. I. 41153. 443 
DD. Spikes very broad, compact, erect; internodes of rhachis very short 
(1.6-2.1 cm. to ten internodes); base of lemma cross-creased. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 
HH. Lateral nerves barbed. 

I. No pigment in aleurone layer, white or yellow 

Selection 614. 443 
BB. Lemmas hooded. 

C. Kernels white, blue or purple. 
DD. Spike very broad, compact, erect; internodes very short (1.6-2.1 cm. to 
ten internodes); base of kernel cross-creased. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Spring habit of early growth. 
GG. Lateral nerves barbed. 

H. No pigment in aleurone laver, white or yellow 

Selection 616. 443 
CC- Kernels black. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.1 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
EE. Rhachilla beset with short hairs. 
F. Spring habit of early growth. 

G. Lateral nerves smooth Selection 607. 443 

Descriptions of varieties 

Hanna (Plate XXXVI, 16).— Foliage medium green; culms rather long, 
slender, often lodging under adverse weather conditions; erect in early 
habit of growth; spike usually well out of sheath of last leaf; medium to 
late in maturity, later than most of the common six-rowed barleys; spikes 
lax, nodding, length of internodes varying from 3.3 to 4.1 cm. with an 
average length of from 3.6 to 3.8 cm.; grain rather short (9 mm.), very 
plump, symmetrical; lemma and palea cross-wrinkled, yellow in color, often 
darker at base; awns long, more or less spreading; five nerves of lemma 
more or less conspicuous, lateral nerves smooth; base of lemma with a 
slight horseshoe-like depression; rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

The following subvarieties may be distinguished within the Hanna 
variety. These divisions cannot be made with absolute certainty, however, 
as the differences are in degree and are naturally more or less indefinite. 
Such characters as height and maturity, as already explained, cannot 
be relied upon because of variations produced under different conditions. 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 437 




B CD 

Fig. 71. variation in terminal appendage and adherence of lemma 
A, Hanna; B, Hordeum ingrescens; C, Naked Spring; D, H. nigrilaxum 



A. Foliage light green; very early maturity; short culms Selection 423. 

AA. Foliage medium to dark green; culms medium to long. 

B. Medium to early in maturity Hanna. 

(Considerable variation occurs here both in maturity and in attitude of 
the spike. In general, the specimens named Hannchen are somewhat 
earlier in maturity, and possess a slightly denser spike which droops to a 
greater angle, than the true Hanna). 



438 Roy Glen Wiggans 

(Additional specimens of the sub-varieties Selection 423 and Hanna found under the 
following names: Abed Binder, Ackermans Niedebayrische, Austin Hanna, Austra- 
lian, Australian Early, Australian Hollischauer, Australian Loosdorfer, Austrian 
Hanna, Austrian Proskowetz, Bavarian, Bayerische Landgerste, Bohemia, Cali- 
fornia Chevalier, California Moravian, Canadian, Chevalier, Chinese (King Kua), 
Frankergerste Stamm, French, German, German Bavaria, German Hanna, German 
Heils Granken, German Nole Early, Gold Foil, Hanakische Gerste, Hansche, 
Hungarian Hanna, Hungarian Loosdorfer, Japanese, Kwassitzer Hanna, Lech- 
rainer, Loosdorfer, Mahrische, Niederbayerische Landgerste, Noles Bohemia, 
Proskowetz, Pure Bred Spring, Roumanian Chevalier, Roumanian Common, 
Roumanian Hanna, Rud. Bethges, Scottish Lothian Chevalier, Sechsamter, 
Steigun, Svalof, Svalof Hannchen, Swedish Gold, Swedish Gotland, Swedish 
Oland, Swiss Spring, Two-rowed Black, Zeiness Vered.) 
BB. Late to very late in maturity, a much greater constant difference between this 
subvariety and Hanna than between Hanna and Hannchen Princess. 

(Additional specimens of this subvariety found under the following names: Heines 
Verbessert Chevalier, Italian, Mahndorfer, Netherlands, Svalof Princess, Swedish 
Princess, Unterfrankische Zuchtaus-schussgerste.) 

Vermont Champion. — The variety Vermont Champion has the same 
general characteristics as has the variety Hanna, except that barbs appear 
on the lateral nerves of the lemma. Some variation in the degree of 
barbing has been found, but during the period of the present study the 
specimens named below have always been found to have some barbs 
present. 

Additional specimens of this variety were found under the following 
names: Chiligerste, French, German Bavaria, Gerste aus dem Banat, 
Hanna x Vermont Champion, Jerusalem Gerste, Jutlandische Gerste, 
Swedish Oland, Ungarische Hanna. 

The specimen named Hanna x Vermont Champion was somewhat taller 
and a little denser than the other subvarieties. 

Turkish Smyrna. — Foliage medium green; number of nodes in culm 
small; culms short; erect in early growth; spikes scarcely emerged from 
sheath of last leaf; early in maturity; spikes medium in length, lax, 
nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.5-4.2 cm. to ten internodes); 
grain large, dark blue; lemma closely adhering to caryopsis, usually 
discolored, awned; awns barbed from base to tip; nerves of lemma barbed; 
base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression ; outer glumes awn-pointed, 
extending just beyond lemma; rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs, 
the hairs occasionally rather sparse. 

Additional specimens of this variety were found under the following 
names: Syrian, Turkish (Smyrna Highland). 

Smyrna. — The variety Smyrna is distinguished from Turkish Smyrna 
by possessing (1) awns which are only partly barbed, the barbs appearing 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 439 

at the tip of the awn and extending from one-third to two-thirds of the 
distance to the base of the awn, the base of the awn being perfectly smooth, 
(2) smooth lateral nerves, and (3) nonpigmented grain. 
The following key separates the. subvarieties of the variety Smyrna: 

A. Culms short; early in maturity Smyrna. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: African (Anatolia), 
Australian Hollischauer (Hanna), California Chevalier, Ouchac, Smyrna 521, 
Turkish, Turkish Afrokarchissar, Turkish Anatolian, Turkish Smyrna Highland.) 
AA. Culms medium to long; medium to late in maturity Schaley's. 

Chevalier (Plate XXXVI, 17). — The variety Chevalier 'is distinguished 
from Hanna only by the characters of the rhachilla. The rhachilla not 
only is beset with short, fine hairs which are more or less recurved at the 
tip, but is about one-half longer in Chevalier than in Hanna. Otherwise 
the two varieties seem exactly the same in adaptation as well as in observ- 
able morphological characters. 

The names as applied to these two varieties might be reversed and still 
be just as correct. The only reason for applying them as they are applied 
is because more specimens with the name Hanna attached appeared with 
the characteristics of Hanna as here given, than appeared with the char- 
acteristics of Chevalier as here given; while no specimens appeared with 
the name Hanna with the Chevalier characters. 

The following key separates the subvarieties of the variety Chevalier: 

A. Foliage dark green, broad; very early in maturity Bavarian. 

(An additional specimen found under the name Rieser Gerste.) 
AA. Foliage medium green, average width; medium to late in maturity Chevalier. 

(Additional specimens found under the following names: Australian, Balton, Berg- 
strassen, Bohemian, California Chevalier, Challenge, Chevalier (Kinvers), Chilian 
Chevalier, English Cheva! ; er, Golden Drop, Gold Foil, Gold Melonen Chevalier- 
gerste, Horn, Idaho, Manchuria, New Zealand, Pfelzer, Probsteier Perlgerste, 
Scottische Annat, Scottische Perlchevaliergerste, Scottish Chevalier, Silver King, 
South African Golden Grain, Tasmanian Battledore. The specimen named Balton 
was found to be more dense (3.0-3.2 cm. to ten internodes) than the others of 
this group.) 

Wessling. — The variety Wessling differs from other two-rowed barleys 
by possessing (1) a more or less branched spike and (2) a triplication of 
spikelets at some of the nodes. In this variety, instead of one set of three 
spikelets, one fertile and two sterile, there are at a number of nodes near 
the base of the spike three sets, thus giving three fertile and six sterile 
spikelets at one node. In some cases, also, a secondary rhachis is produced 
in the place of the fertile median spikelets. This secondary rhachis then 



440 Roy Glen Wiggans 

bears three spikelets at each node, all of which arise on the outer side. In 
other morphological characters this variety is similar to Chevalier. 

The original specimen name was Wessling's Trounengerste. 

Manchury x Vermont Champion (Plate XXXVII, 18). — The variety 
Manchury x Vermont Champion is distinguished from Chevalier by the 
presence of barbs on the lateral nerves. This difference has been found to 
be constant, although the degree of barbing varies to some extent with 
different seasons. This group has the same adaptations as Chevalier but 
has not been grown so extensively. 

The following key separates the subvarieties of the variety Manchury x 
Vermont Champion: 

A. Kernels medium-sized; awns rather fine, more or less deciduous 

Manchury x Vermont Champion. 
(Additional specimens of this variety found under the following names: Austrian, 
California Chevalier, Chevalier, German, Noles Moravia Chevaliergerste, Princess, 
Svalof Chevaliergerste, Swedish Chevalier II.) 

AA. Kernels very large ; awns coarse, showing no tendency toward deciduousness 

Selection 503. 

Turkish Syrian. — Foliage medium green ; culms very short ; erect in 
early growth; spikes failing to emerge completely from sheath of last 
leaf; early in maturity but somewhat uneven; spikes short, erect; inter- 
nodes of rhachis long (3.5-3.8 cm. to ten internodes); grain rather long 
but not plump; aleurone layer pigmented, dark blue; lemma adhering 
tightly to caryopsis, awned; awns barbed for entire length; lateral nerves 
of lemma barbed; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression; outer 
glumes narrow, awn-pointed, scarcely extending beyond lemma; rhachilla 
beset with short hairs. 

Syrian. — Distinguished from Turkish Syrian by possessing (1) awns 
barbed from one-third to two-thirds the distance from tip to base, the 
base being perfectly smooth, and (2) nonpigmented grain. 

Goldthorpe (Plate XXXVII, 19). — Foliage medium green; culms long; 
leaves rather broad, abundant; erect in early growth; very late in maturity; 
side spikelets somewhat more developed than in Chevalier; spikes dense, 
length of ten internodes 2.0-3.0 cm.; angle of inclination of kernel with 
rhachis, great, making spike broad; spikes same width from base to tip. 
nodding to considerable extent but not so much as in laxer types already 
described; grain white, long, rather broad; lateral nerves forming rather 
prominent shoulders; palea and lemma not so much cross- wrinkled as in 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 441 

more lax types; lemma adhering closely to caryopsis, rather coarse, awned; 
awns barbed, long, spreading; nerves of lemma conspicuous, smooth; base 
of lemma cross-creased; outer glumes awn-pointed; rhachilla beset with 
long, straight hairs; rhachis in some cases more or less articulate at nodes. 

Two important commercial subvarieties of Goldthorpe, Svanhals and 
Goldthorpe, have only one distinguishing characteristic, which is one of 
degree and not absolutely reliable : Svanhals is a few days later in maturity 
than Goldthorpe. 

Additional specimens of Goldthorpe were found under the following 
names: Australian, Bavarian, Bestehorns Diamant, Bestehorns Kaiser, 
Bohmische Gerste, Chile, Frederisksons Gerste, Hungarian, Imperial, 
Jewel, Moravian, New Burton Malting, Norwegian Imperialleyg, Scottish 
Lothian Standwell, Spiegelgerste aus Utuna, Virginia Selection 4, Virginia 
Selection 7. Webbs Bartlose. 

Additional specimens of Svanhals were found under the following names: 
Goldthorpe, Hordeurn distichum nutans, Noles Imperialgerste Type A, 
Svalof's Svanhals, Svalof's Swanneck, Virginia Selection 647. 

Fan Barley. — Foliage medium green; culms medium to short, rather 
large in diameter; erect in early growth; spikes scarcely emerging from 
sheath of last leaf; earlier than other erect types of two-rowed barleys; 
side spikelets infertile but large, containing rudimentary pistils; spike 
short, very dense (length of ten internodes of rhachis less than 2.2 cm.), 
broader at base than at tip; angle of inclination of kernels with rhachis, 
very great at base, decreasing toward tip; spike very erect; grain white 
or yellow, medium to large, lemma adhering closely to caryopsis, awned; 
awns barbed, very spreading, giving the general appearance of a fan; 
lateral nerves of lemma barbed; base of lemma cross-creased; outer 
glumes short-awned, extending at least to twice length of lemma; rhachilla 
beset with long, straight hairs. 

Additional specimens of this variety were found under the following 
names: Hordeurn distichum, Pfauengerste. 

Primus. — Distinguished from Goldthorpe in that the rhachilla is beset 
with short, more or less recurved hairs, rather than with long, straight 
hairs. 

Additional specimens of this variety were found under the following 
names: Australian, Breustcdts Horzer Gerste, Fruhwirts Fruhe Gold- 
thorpe, Hordeurn distichum erectum, New Burton Malting, Standwell, 



442 Roy Glen Wiggans 

Svalof s Primus, Swedish Upland, Tasmanian, Tasmanian Ideal, Upland. 
The specimens under the second and third names are somewhat earlier 
than the others. 

Anatolian Black (Plate XXXVII, 20). — Foliage medium green; culms 
short to medium in length; leaves rather short, narrow; erect in early 
growth; stooling very little; spikes scarcely emerging from sheath of last 
leaf; medium to early in maturity; spikes lax, nodding to only a small 
angle; kernels forming only a slight angle of inclination with rhachis; 
grain rather large, long, brown to black, black pigment in both pericarp 
and glumes; lemma adhering closely to caryopsis, awned; awns and lat- 
eral nerves barbed; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression; outer 
glumes awn-pointed; rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

An additional specimen of this variety was found under the name 
Asia Minor. 

Black Two-rowed (Plate XXXVII, 21). — Foliage light green; leaves 
large, broad, long; culms long, medium in size; erect in early growth; 
stooling well; spikes completely emerging from sheath of last leaf; late 
in maturity; spikes lax, long, nodding; grain black, pigment in both 
glumes and pericarp; lemma adhering closely to caryopsis, awned; awns 
long, more or less pigmented, barbed, somewhat spreading; lateral nerves 
smooth, conspicuous, forming prominent shoulders; base of lemma with 
horseshoe-like depression; outer glumes narrow, awn-pointed; rhachis beset 
with short hairs. 

Additional specimens of this variety were found under the following 
names: Hordeum distichum eredum, Schwarze Zweizeilige Gerste. 

Ingrescens. — Foliage medium to dark green, abundant; culms tall; 
spikes lax, nodding; grain black or dark brown, large; lemma closely 
adhering to caryopsis, hooded; hoods small, set on short awns; lateral 
nerves barbed; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression; outer 
glumes awn-pointed, narrow; rhachilla often reduced, beset with short 
hairs. 

This variety is of no economic importance. Only two specimens were 
obtained, which may be separated by the following key: . t 

A. Very late in maturing; foliage dark green; leaves very broad; spikes very long; grain 

large Type I. 

AA. Medium in maturity; foliage medium green; leaves only slightly broader than the 
average for barley; spikes medium in length; grain medium in size Type II. 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 443 

Naked Spring (Plate XXXVII, 22).— Foliage dark green; culms short 
and weak, with strong tendency toward lodging; erect in early growth; 
early in maturity; spikes lax, long, nodding; grain white, very large, 
almost oval in shape; lemma free from caryopsis, awned; awns very long, 
barbed; lateral nerves of lemma barbed; base of lemma with horseshoe-like 
depression ; rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

An additional specimen of this variety was found under the name 
Gerste aus der Krim. 

S. P I. 41158. — Foliage medium green; culms medium to short; 
erect in early growth; average in maturity; spike of medium length, 
usually erect; grain small, purple; lemma free from caryopsis, slightly 
pigmented, short-awned; awns and lateral nerves of lemma barbed; 
rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

An additional specimen of this variety was found under the name 
S. P. I. 41162. 

Selection 61 £• — Foliage dark green; culms short, rather large; erect 
in early growth; medium in maturity; spikes dense, broad, short, erect, 
emerging from side of leaf sheath; grain non pigmented, oval, medium in 
size; lemma free from caryopsis, awned; awns very spreading, barbed; 
nerves of lemma barbed; rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

This variety is of no economic importance at present. 

Selection 616. — Foliage very dark green; culms short, large; leaves 
very short, broad ; medium in fertility ; spikes very short, broad, emerging 
far down side of leaf sheath; side spikelets very large but infertile; grain 
nonpigmented, large; lemma free from caryopsis, hooded; nerves of 
lemma barbed ; rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

This variety is of no economic importance at present. 

Selection 607 (Plate XXXVII, 23). — Foliage dark green; culms medium 
to tall; erect in early growth; late in maturity; spikes long, narrow, 
nodding; internodes short; grain black, narrow but medium in length; 
lemma free from caryopsis, hooded; lateral nerves barbed; rhachilla 
beset with short hairs. This variety is of no economic importance at 
present. 

HORDEUM DEFICIENS 

Hordeum deficiens (probably first described as H. decipiens) is dis- 
tinguished from H. vulgare and H. intermedium by the sterile side spikelets, 



444 



Roy Glen Wiggans 



and from H. distichon by a great reduction in the structures of the side 
spikelets. The side spikelets of H. deficiens (fig. 72) not only are sterile, 
but also are reduced in all the floral parts to a much greater extent than 
in H. distichon. In some cases alj that remains in evidence of a side 
spikelet is one outer glume. Neither pistil nor stamers are ever present. 




ABC D E 

Fig. 72. various types of hordeum deficiens 
A, Selection G21; B, Russian Courland; C, S. P. I. 41155; D, Selection 626; E, Selection 625 

H. deficiens has not become of economic importance in the United States. 

Abyssinia is the source of practically all the varieties belonging to this 

species. 

Key to varieties of H. deficiens 
A. Kernels hulled. 
B. Lemmas awned. 

C. Kernels white, blue, or purple. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.1 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 






A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 445 

E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. page 

F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 

H. Lateral nerves smooth Russian Courland. 445 

EE. Rhachilla beset with short hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 
HH. Lateral nerves barbed, outer glumes very broad 

Selection 44. 446 
CC. Kernels black. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhacbis long (3.0-4.1 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 

HH. Lateral nerves barbed . . . Selection 621. 446 

EE. Rhachilla beset with short hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 

HH. Lateral nerves barbed Selection 622. 446 

BB. Lemmas hooded. 
CC. Kernels black. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.1 cm. to 
ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Spring habit of early growth. 

G. Lateral nerves smooth Selection 657. 446 

AA. Kernels hull-less. 
B. Lemmas awned. 

C. Kernels white, blue, or purple. 

D. Spikes narrow, lax but erect; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.1 cm. to 
ten internodes); base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Awns barbed. 

G. Spring habit of early growth. 

HH. Lateral nerves barbed S. P. I. 41155. 446 

BB. Lemmas hooded. 

C. Kernels white, blue, or purple. 

D. Spike broad, erect, but internodes of rhachis long (3.3-3.6 cm. to ten 
internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Spring habit of early growth. 
GG. Lateral nerves barbed, lemma seven-nerved .... Selection 625. 447 
CC. Kernels black. 

D. Spike narrow, lax, slightly nodding; internodes of rhachis long (3.0-4.1 
cm. to ten internodes) ; base of lemma with horseshoe-like depression. 
E. Rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 
F. Spring habit of early growth. 
GG. Lateral nerves barbed Selection 626. 447 

Descriptions of varieties 

Russian Courland (Plate XXXVIII, 24, and fig. 72, B).— The variety 
Russian Courland is characterized by the same general appearance and 



446 Roy Glen Wiggans 

adaptation as Hanna, in H. distichon species, with the one exception of 
the development of the side spikelets. In this variety these are very 
rudimentary, consisting only of the outer glumes and a very small, 
undeveloped lemma without palea or pistil. 

An additional specimen of this variety was found under the name 
Early Chevalier. 

Selection 44- — Foliage dark green; erect in early growth; spikes 
emerging from side of sheath of last leaf, rather lax but broad and nearly 
erect; grain nonpigmented, usually somewhat discolored at base; lemma 
adhering closely to caryopsis, base with horseshoe-like depression; awns 
short, broad; outer glumes of median spikelet half as broad as lemma, 
short-awned; lateral spikelets much reduced, with outer glumes awn- 
pointed and one-third width of outer glumes of median spikelet; rhachilla 
beset with short hairs. 

Selection 621 (Plate XXXVIII, 25, and fig. 72, A).— Foliage dark green; 
culms average in height ; erect in early habit of growth ; spike lax, nodding ; 
grain black, glaucous; lemma adhering closely to caryopsis, awned; awns 
barbed; lateral nerves barbed ; outer glumes very pubescent, awn-pointed; 
rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

Selection 622. — Foliage medium green ; culms average in height ; erect 
in early habit of growth; late in maturity; spike lax, nodding; rhachis 
showing strong tendency toward brittleness; grain black, medium to 
large; lemma adhering closely to caryopsis, awned; awns black, barbed; 
lateral nerves barbed; outer glumes small, black, glabrous, awn-pointed; 
rhachilla beset with short hairs. 

Selection 657. — Foliage dark green ; leaves broad ; culms average in 
height; semi-winter in habit of early growth; late in maturity; spike 
lax, nodding; grain black, more or less glaucous; lemma adhering closely 
to caryopsis, hooded, hoods set on short awns; outer glumes very narrow, 
short, blunt; lateral nerves of lemma smooth; rhachilla beset with long, 
straight hairs. 

S. P. I. 41155 (Plate XXXVIII, 26, and fig. 72, C).— Foliage medium 
green; culms short; erect in early growth; early in maturity; spike lax, 
nodding, short; grain short, broad, nonpigmented; lemma free from cary- 
opsis, awned; awns broad, barbed; lemma occasionally possessing an extra 
pair of lateral nerves; outer glumes narrow, long, awn-pointed; lateral 
nerves barbed; rhachilla sparingly beset with straight, rather short hairs. 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 447 

Selection 625 (fig. 72, E).— Foliage dark green; leaves broad; culms 
large, coarse, but medium in length; erect in early growth; spikes emerging 
from side of sheath of last leaf; late in maturity; spikes broad, nearly 
erect, ten internodes 3.3-3.6 cm. in length; angle of inclination of kernel 
with rhachis, rather large; grain long, narrow, nonpigmented; lemma 
adhering closely to caryopsis, hooded; lemma possessing an extra pair 
of lateral nerves; rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

Selection 626 (Plate XXXVIII, 27, and fig. 72, D) — Foliage dark green; 
culms medium to long; erect in early growth; late in maturity; spikes 
narrow, lax, nodding; grain black, large; lemma seven-nerved, hooded, 
hoods sessile; lateral nerves barbed; outer glumes awn-pointed, narrow, 
very pubescent; rhachilla beset with long, straight hairs. 

SUMMARY 

In the classification presented in this paper, sixty varieties have been 
distinguished in the four cultivated species of barley, as follows: twenty- 
nine in Hordeum vulgare; three in H. intermedium; twenty in H. distichon; 
and eight in H. dcficiens. The varieties in each species are systematically 
arranged accordingly to stable morphological characters — the same 
characters being used in the separations within each species — and as far 
as possible according to natural adaptation. An attempt has been made 
to avoid placing varieties with similar adaptations but with one or more 
distinct morphological differences too far apart in the key. This, how- 
ever, could not be avoided in a few instances. The varieties as described 
are separated by one or more morphological characters which have proved 
constant for a period of five years under New York environment and 
which are probably constant under all environmental conditions. For 
this reason, the keys to the varieties should prove effective in the identifi- 
cation of specimens, at least within narrow limits, in a wide range of con- 
ditions. However, the divisions within the varieties as given in the keys 
to subvarieties are based on more variable characters, and therefore can- 
not be relied upon in a given environment until proved. 

The naming of varieties, as given in the keys, is not an attempt to stand- 
ardize the nomenclature, as this cannot be done by the efforts of one 
individual. The choice of a name for a given variety was based on the 
following rules in the order given: (1) the frequent occurrence of a well- 
known name; (2) names indicating geographical origin; (3) descriptive 



448 Roy Glen Wiggans 

names; and (4) names of producers, discoverers, or introducers. In cases 
in which no name was given and the specimen was separated on the basis 
of some stable morphological character, selection numbers were employe;!. 
In conclusion, it should be understood that yield has not been given 
consideration in the present classification. Without doubt there are 
represented, among the synonyms of a given variety or subvariety, various 
strains which differ materially in yield 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

The writer wishes to acknowledge the help given him and to express 
his appreciation of the valuable suggestions and criticisms offered by 
Professor E. G. Montgomery, of the Department of Farm Crops, Cornell 
University, under whose direction this investigation wa> made. He 
wishes to acknowledge also his indebtedness to Mrs. W. C. Etheridge 
for the accurate drawings from which the color plates were made, and to 
C. B. Wiggans for the drawings of the structural parts of the plant. 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 449 



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A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 451 

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Memoir 40, Liberation of Organic Matter by Roots of Growing Plants, the sixth preceding number in this 
series of publications, was mailed on November 16, 1921. 



INDEX TO VARIETIES AND SUBVARIETIES 
(Synonyms and subvariety names are in italics) 



Abed Binder 438 

Ackermans Niedebayrische 438 

African (A natolia) 439 

Alashier 425 

Algeria 422 

Algerian 424 

Anatolian Black 442 

Arlington Awnless 432 

Asia Minor 442 

Asstivum Schwarze Sommergerste 427 

Austin Han no, 438 

Australian 424, 438, 439, 441(2) 

Australian Early 421(2), 438 

Australian Hollischauer 438 

Australian Hollischauer (Hanna) 439 

Australian Imperial 422 

Australian Loosdorfer 438 

Australian Loosdorfer (Early) 424 

Australian Prosowetz 424 

Australian Winter 421, 423 

Austrian 424, 440 

.4 ustrian Hanna 438 

Austrian Proskowetz 438 

Ballon 439 

Bavarian 438, 439, 441 

Bay Brewing 424 

Bay Brewing 424 

Bayerische Landgerste 438 

Beardless 427 

BeUli 422, 424 

Bergstrasseh 439 

Bernards 421 

Bestehorns Diamant 441 

Bestehorns Kaiser 441 

Black Hulless 428 

Black Summer 426 

Black Two-rowed 442 

Black Two-rowed 421 

Black Winter 426 

Blaue Excelsior 428 

Blaue Na r Me Gerste 428 

Blue Hulless 428 

Blue Ribbon 423 

Blue Virginia 424 

Bohemia 438 

Bohemian 439 

Bohmische Gerste 441 



Brachyura Kurze Sechszeilige Gerste 423 

Breustedts Horzer Gerste 441 

California Chevalier 438, 439(2), 440 

California Moravian 424, 438 

Calif ornian 424, 425 

California Portuguese 423, 424 

California Prolific 424 

Canada 423(2) 

Canadian 438 

Canadian 21 423 

Canadian Fancy 423 

Canadian Western 423 

Canary Island 422 

Cape 424 

Cawnpur 422 

Challenge 439 

Chevalier 439 

Chevalier 438, 439, 440 

Chevalier (Kinvers) 439 

Chile 441 

Chili 424 

Chilian 426 

Chilian 426 

Chilian Brewing 424 

Chilian Chevalier 439 

Chiligerste 438 

Chinese .{King Kua) 438 

C.I. 519 424 

C.I. 595 429 

C. 1.702 433 

C.I. 703 428 

Coeleste 427 

Coerulescens Ser 427 

Common 423 

Cornell Selection 1 433 

Cornell Selection 8 433 

Cornell Selection 9 433 

Eagle 423 

Early Chevalier 446 

Eckendorfer Mammoth Winterger^te 422 

English Chevalier 439 

Fan Barley 441 

Featherston 421 

Featherston 425 

Featherston 507 423 

Featherston Selections 423 

Frankergerste Stamm 438 



453 



454 



Roy Glen Wiggans 



PAGE 

Frederisksons Gerste 441 

French 438(2) 

French Early 421, 423(2) 

French Gerste aus Denmark 421 

Friedrichswerlher Mammoth Wintergerste . 422 

Fruhwirts Fruhe Goldthorpe 441 

Gatami 426 

Gaza 422 

German 438, 440 

German Bavaria 438(2) 

German Hanna 422, 438 

German Heils Granken 438 

German Nole Early 438 

German Winter 425 

Gerste aus Ajaccio 423 

Gerste aus Cypern 423 

Gerste aus Dalekartien 423 

Gerste aus dem Banal 438 

Gerste aus der Krim 443 

Gerste aus der Mandschursi 423 

Gerste aus Japan 423 

Gerste aus Lulea 423 

Gerste aus Morocco 421 

Gerste aus Norwegen 423 

Golden Drop 439 

Goldethorpe 441 

Gold Foil 438, 439 

Gold Melonen Chevalier gerste 439 

Goldthorpe 440 

Goldthorpe 441 

Grecian 424 

Grecian Hordeum sp 425 

Groniger 425 

Guatemalan Tontonicipan 424 

Guy Mayle 428 

Guzerat 422 

Hanakische Gerste 438 

Hanna 436 

Hanna 437 

Hanna x Vermont Champion 438 

Hannchen 437 

Hansche 438 

Hansee Hulless . 427 

Heavy Moldavian 423 

Heines Verbessert Chevalier 438 

Heines Vierzeilige Gerste . . . . 423 

Hitakawa 426 

Hordeum distichum 441 

Hordeum distichum erectum 441, 442 

Hordeum distichum nutans 441 

Horn 439 

Hulless 429 

Hungarian 441 

Hungarian Hanna 438 



PAGE 

Hungarian Loosdorfer 438 

Idaho 439 

Idaho Callow 423 

Idaho Winter 425 

Idaho Winter 425 

Imperial 441 

Imp. Manchuria 423 

India Cawnpur 422 

Indian Sind 422, 423 

India Punjake 422 

Ingrescens 442 

Italian 438 

Italian Hulless 428 

Japanese 438 

Japanese Hitakawa 426 

Jerusalem Gerste 438 

Jewel 441 

Jutlandische Gerste 438 

Kleine Warthebruch 423 

Klein Wanzlehener Wintergerste 422 

Kwassitzer Hanna 438 

Lechrainer 438 

Leiorr hynchum (Kcke.) 427 

Long-grained Winter 421 

Loosdorfer 438 

Mahndorfer 438 

Mahrische 438 

Maltese Island 424 

Mammoth Winter 422 

Manchuria 423, 439 

Manchurian 423 

Manchuria =Oderbrucker 422 

Manchuria-Oderbrucker 423 

Manchuria Selection 420 

Manchuria Selections .' 423 

Manchury 423(2) 

Manchury x Vermont Champion 440 

Manchury x Vermont Champion 440 

Mariout 423 

Mariout 424 

Marwar 422(2) 

Mezoeijes Handgerste aus Ungarn 421 

Minnesota 6 423 

Montana 425 

Moravian 441 

Moroccan 421 

Moroccan 422, 424 

Naked Barley 427 

Naked Spring 443 

Naked Spring 427 

Nepal 429 

Nepal Hulless 433 

Netherlands 438 

Netherlans 425 



A Classification of the Cultivated Varieties of Barley 455 



New Burton Malting 441 (2) 

New Zealand 439 

Niederbayerische Landgerste 438 

Nigrum Schwarze Sommergerste 427 

Noles Bohemia 438 

Noles Imperialgerste Type A 441 

Noles Moravia Chevalier gerste 440 

Norwegian 1 421 

Norwegian II 423 

Norwegian Bamsleyg 423 

Norwegian Bjorneleyg 421, 423 

Norwegian Imperialleyg 441 

O.A. C. 21 423 

O.A.C.21 423 

Oderbrucker 423(2) 

Odessa 423(3) 

Ogara 426 

Ouchac 421, 424, 439 

Peru 424 

Pjauengerste 441 

Pfelzer 439 

Poda 424 

Primus 441 

Princess 438, 440 

Probsteier Perlgerste 439 

Proskowetz 438 

Pure Bred Spring 438 

Red River 423 

Red's Triumph 423 

Rieser Gerste 439 

Roumanian Autumn 423 

Roumanian Chevalier 438 

Roumanian Common 438 

Roumanian Hanna 438 

Roumanian Spring 423 

Rud. Bethges 438 

Rumanian Autumn 423 

Russian Courland 445 

Russian Livonian 423 

Sandrel 424 

Sangatsuka 428 

Schaley's 439 

Schlesische Zeilgerste 423 

Schwarze Zweizeilige Gerste 442 

Scottische Annat 439 

Scottische Perlchevaliergerste 439 

Scottish Chevalier 439 

Scottish Lothian Chevalier . 438 

Scottish Lothian Standwell 441 

Sechsamter 438 

Selection 44 446 

Selection 259 427 

Selection 308 430 

Selection J#3 437 



PAGE 

Selection 503 440 

Selection 607 443 

Selection 614 443 

Selection 616 443 

Selection 621 446 

Selection 622 446 

Selection 625 447 

Selection 626 447 

Selection 657 446 

Short Six-rowed Winter 426 

Siberian 423 

Silver King 423(2), 439 

Smyrna 438 

Smyrna 424, 439 

Smyrna 521 439 

Smyrna Yerli 424 

South African Cape Early 423, 424 

South African Golden Grain 439 

South African Six-rowed 424 

South Russian 423(2) 

Spanish Sierra Yiqua 422 

S. P. I. 18922 421 

S. P. I. 40326 433 

S. P. I. 40645 423 

S. P. I. 40648 , 423 

S. P. I. 40649 423 

S. P. I. 41153. 443 

S. P. I. 41155 446 

S. P. I. 41156 429 

S. P. I. 41157 429 

S. P. I. 41158 422 

S. P. 1.41159 426 

S. P. I. 4H60 422 

S. P. I. 4H61 422 

S. P. I. 41162 443 

Spiegelgerste aus Utuna 441 

Standwell 441 

Steigun 438 

Success 427 

Success 427 

Success Beardless 427 

Svalbf 438 

Svalbf Chevalier gerste 440 

Svalbf Hannchen 438 

Svalbf Princess 438 

Svalbf 's Primus 442 

Svalbf 's Svanhals 441 

Svalbf's Swanneck 441 

Svanhals 441 

Swedish Chevalier II 440 

Swedish Gold 438 

Swedish Gotland 438 

Swedish Oland 438(2) 

Swedish Princess 438 



456 



Roy Glen Wiggans 



PAGE 

Swedish Six-rowed 423 

Swedish Upland 442 

Swiss 424, 425 

Swiss Spring 423, 438 

Syrian 440 

Syrian 438 

Tasmanian 442 

Tasmanian Battledore 439 

Tasmanian Ideal 442 

Telli 425 

Tenkan 425 

Tripolitan 422 

Triumph 425 

Tunisian 422, 424 

Turkish 439 

Turkish Afrokarchissar 439 

Turkish Alasheir 424 

Turkish Alba7iian 423 

Turkish Anatolian 439 

Turkish (Rhodes to Sea of Marmora) 424 

Turkish Smyrna 438 

Turkish (Smyrna Highland) 438 

Turkish Smyrna Highland 439 

Turkisk Smyrna Lowland 425 

Turkish Syrian 440 



PAGE 

Two-rowed Black 438 

Ungarische Hanna 438 

Unterfrankische Z uchlaus-schus&gerste.. . . 438 

Upland 442 

Utah Winter 425 

Utah Winter 425 

Vermont Champion 438 

Violaceum 428 

Virginia Black Hulless 428 

Virginia Hooded 427 

Virginia Selection 4 441 

Virginia Selection 7 441 

Virginia Selections '4 427 

Virginia Selection 647 441 

Webbs Bartlose 441 

Wessling 439 

Wessling's Trounengerste 440 

White Hulless 429 

Wisconsin 5 423 

Wisconsin 6 423 

Wisconsin Pedigree 423 

Wisconsin Winter 424 

Wustermarsch Wintergerste 422 

Yerli 424 

Zeiness Vered 438 



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